Biology: Invertebrate and Vertebrate Nervous Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic of the central nervous system in vertebrates?

  • A nerve cord lying ventrally to the digestive tract
  • A neural tube lying dorsally to the digestive tract (correct)
  • A hollow, thin-walled tube
  • A solid, ganglia-connected nerve chain

    • How do the respiratory organs develop in vertebrates?

  • From the ectoderm
  • In relation to the wall of the pharynx (correct)
  • From the endoderm
  • From the mesoderm

    • What is the characteristic of the circulatory system in vertebrates?

  • A system with only veins and capillaries
  • A partially closed system with both open and closed components
  • An open system with free flow of blood into the body cavity
  • A closed system with arteries, veins, and capillaries (correct)

    • What is a characteristic feature of the class Hydrozoa?

    <p>They have both asexual polyps and sexual medusae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the heart located in vertebrates?

    <p>Ventrally and anteriorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of phylum Platyhelminthes has a leaf-like body with one or more suckers?

    <p>Trematoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is haemoglobin contained in vertebrates?

    <p>Contained in the red blood corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the phylum Platyhelminthes?

    <p>They are bilaterally symmetrical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the anus in vertebrates?

    <p>It is terminal and opens at the posterior end of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of phylum Cnidaria has a polyp stage that is reduced or absent?

    <p>Scyphozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the skin in invertebrates?

    <p>It consists of only one layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the excretory system in Platyhelminthes?

    <p>It has a proto-nephridial type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of phylum Cnidaria has a square-shaped medusa in cross-section?

    <p>Cubozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the tail in vertebrates?

    <p>It is a post-anal continuation of the body axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the digestive system in Platyhelminthes?

    <p>It lacks a digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of phylum Platyhelminthes has a body covered with cilia?

    <p>Turbellaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is characteristic of phylum Annelida?

    <p>Metamerically segmented body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of parapodia in Polychaeta?

    <p>Locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a Polychaeta?

    <p>Rag worm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of reproduction in some Polychaeta?

    <p>Asexual budding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is characteristic of Oligochaeta?

    <p>Hermaphroditism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of body segments in Hirundea?

    <p>34</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pharyngeal slits in lancelets?

    <p>To filter food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a characteristic of phylum Annelida?

    <p>Radial symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of vertebrates?

    <p>Notochord is replaced by a vertebral column in adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of nephridia in Annelids?

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the notochord in vertebrates?

    <p>To allow muscles to attach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a cephalochordate?

    <p>Branchiostoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the notochord in humans?

    <p>It is reduced to cartilage between the vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the post-anal tail in chordates?

    <p>To propel animals in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of urochordates?

    <p>Notochord is present only in the larval tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the vertebral column in vertebrates?

    <p>It is made of either cartilage or bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of amphibians' skin?

    <p>It is soft and moist for cutaneous respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the tongue in amphibians?

    <p>To catch insects for feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fertilization do reptiles undergo?

    <p>Internal fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of reptiles' skin?

    <p>It is dry and scaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of birds' hearts?

    <p>It is a four-chambered heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the scales on reptiles' skin?

    <p>To protect the skin from desiccation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of amphibians' limbs?

    <p>They have five-fingered limbs for locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the webbed feet in amphibians?

    <p>To aid in swimming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Invertebrate and Vertebrate Animals

    • Invertebrate animals differ from vertebrate animals in many respects
      • Nervous system: invertebrates have a nerve cord that lies ventrally to the digestive tract, while vertebrates have a neutral tube that lies dorsally to the digestive tract
      • Respiratory organs: invertebrates develop from the ectoderm, while vertebrates develop in relation to the pharynx and form gills or lungs
      • Circulatory system: invertebrates have an open system, while vertebrates have a closed system with arteries, veins, and capillaries

    Classification of Invertebrates

    Phylum Cnidaria

    • Class Hydrozoa:
      • Solitary or colonial forms
      • Asexual polyps and sexual medusae (may be suppressed)
      • Freshwater or marine animals
      • Examples: Hydra and Obelia
    • Class Scyphozoa:
      • Solitary medusa
      • Polyp stage reduced or absent
      • Medusae do not have velum
      • All marine animals
      • Example: Aurelia
    • Class Cubozoa:
      • Solitary medusoid forms
      • Polyp stage reduced
      • Medusa is square in cross-section
      • All marine animals
      • Example: Carybdea
    • Class Anthozoa:
      • All are polyps
      • Solitary or colonial
      • Gonads are gastrodermal
      • All are marine animals
      • Example: Sea anemone

    Phylum Platyhelminthes

    • Characteristics:
      • Bilaterally symmetrical
      • Dorsiventrally flattened (flatworms)
      • Triploblastic animals (made up of three body layers)
      • Acoelomate (lack body cavity)
      • Complete reproductive organs
      • Digestive system is absent in some, with only a mouth and no anus
      • Nervous system is ladder-like, with simple sense organs
      • No respiratory, circulatory, or skeletal system
      • Proto-nephridial type of excretory system

    Classification of Platyhelminthes

    • Class Turbellaria:
      • Mostly free-living and aquatic, with soft bodies and leaf-like form
      • Body covered with cilia, some are terrestrial and confined to humid areas
      • Examples: Planaria
    • Class Trematoda:
      • Parasitic, lacking cilia, cuticle covering leaf-like body with one or more suckers
      • Examples: Faciola hepatica (liver fluke), Schistosoma (blood fluke)
    • Class Cestoda:
      • Endoparasites (internal parasites), having no gut (digestive) system
      • Examples: Taenia (tapeworms), Ancyclostoma duodenale (hookworm)

    Phylum Annelida

    • Characteristics:
      • Mostly aquatic, some are terrestrial
      • Body is vermiform, bilaterally symmetrical, and metamerically segmented
      • Straight tube alimentary canal, with extra-cellular digestion
      • Segmentally arranged locomotory organs, repeated groups of chitinous setae or chaetae
      • Respiration is generally through body surface or through a special projection of parapods
      • Well-developed closed type blood vascular system
      • Nephridia are the excretory organs
      • Nervous system consists of paired cerebral ganglia or brain, a double ventral nerve cord bearing segmental ganglia

    Classification of Annelida

    • Polychaeta:
      • Mostly marine forms, distinct head with eyes and tentacles
      • Segmental with lateral projection of the body wall (parapodia)
      • Sexes are separate, reproduce asexually by budding
      • Example: Rag worm
    • Oligochaeta:
      • Live in soil or freshwater, body is conspicuously segmented but no distinct head
      • Parapodia absent, hermaphrodites, reproductive system is more complicated
      • Clitellum is present, no larva, and development is direct
      • Example: Earthworm
    • Hirudinea:
      • Members have fixed body segments numbering 34
      • Some group may have only 31 or 17 segments
      • Examples: Leeches

    Phylum Chordata

    • Four diagnostic features:
      • Notochord: a structure that runs through the digestive system and its nerve chord
      • Dorsal hollow nerve chord: a tube nerve fiber that develops into the central nervous system
      • Pharyngeal slits: in lancelates, they function as filters for feeding
      • Post-anal tail: helps propel animals in water

    Classification of Chordata

    • Subphylum Urochordata/Tunicata:
      • Invertebrate chordates, exclusively marine
      • Notochord is present only in larval tail
      • Examples: Ascidia, Salpa, and Doliolum
    • Subphylum Cephalochordata:
      • Notochord extends from head to tail region and is persistent throughout life
      • Examples: Branchiostoma (Amphioxus/Lancelets)
    • Subphylum Vertebrata:
      • Possess notochord during embryonic period, replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in adults
      • Two image-forming eyes, well-developed closed circulatory system, kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation
      • Paired appendages which may be fins or limbs, centralized nervous system, digestive system is complete
      • Examples: Frogs, toads, and salamanders

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    Description

    Compare and contrast the central nervous systems of invertebrate and vertebrate animals, including structure and function. Learn about the unique features of each system.

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