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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of mast cells and macrophages in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of mast cells and macrophages in the nervous system?
- To produce the myelin sheath
- To provide structural support to nerve fibers
- To kill any microorganism that enters the axons (correct)
- To facilitate the transmission of nerve impulses
What is the outermost covering of a spinal nerve?
What is the outermost covering of a spinal nerve?
- Epineurium (correct)
- Endoneurium
- Perineurium
- Myelin sheath
What type of tissue is found in the epineurium?
What type of tissue is found in the epineurium?
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue (correct)
- Nervous tissue
- Muscle tissue
What is the characteristic shape of veins in the epineurium?
What is the characteristic shape of veins in the epineurium?
What is the functional classification of neurons based on?
What is the functional classification of neurons based on?
What is the purpose of capillaries in nerve fascicles?
What is the purpose of capillaries in nerve fascicles?
What is the characteristic of the deeper region of the epineurium?
What is the characteristic of the deeper region of the epineurium?
What is the organization of nerves classified into?
What is the organization of nerves classified into?
What is the role of the receptor in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the role of the receptor in the peripheral nervous system?
What type of axon extends from the receptor towards the cell body?
What type of axon extends from the receptor towards the cell body?
What is the function of the interneurons?
What is the function of the interneurons?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the transmission of signal from the axon terminal to the interneuron?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the transmission of signal from the axon terminal to the interneuron?
What is the function of the efferent neurons?
What is the function of the efferent neurons?
What happens when the neurotransmitters released by the axon terminal of the efferent neurons bind to the receptors in the dendrites and cell body of the efferent neurons?
What happens when the neurotransmitters released by the axon terminal of the efferent neurons bind to the receptors in the dendrites and cell body of the efferent neurons?
What is the role of the cell body of the afferent neurons?
What is the role of the cell body of the afferent neurons?
What is the function of the axon hillock in the transmission of signal from the efferent neurons to the effector organs?
What is the function of the axon hillock in the transmission of signal from the efferent neurons to the effector organs?
What is the primary mechanism of activation of β1 adrenergic receptor?
What is the primary mechanism of activation of β1 adrenergic receptor?
Which of the following regions of the CNS exerts control over skeletal muscle activity?
Which of the following regions of the CNS exerts control over skeletal muscle activity?
What is the result of phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the heart?
What is the result of phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the heart?
What is the neurotransmitter released by motor neurons that stimulates muscle contraction?
What is the neurotransmitter released by motor neurons that stimulates muscle contraction?
What is the characteristic of the motor end plate?
What is the characteristic of the motor end plate?
What is the primary function of nicotinic receptors in the autonomic ganglia?
What is the primary function of nicotinic receptors in the autonomic ganglia?
What is the result of increased Ca2+ ions in the heart?
What is the result of increased Ca2+ ions in the heart?
What is the effect of muscarinic receptors on the heart?
What is the effect of muscarinic receptors on the heart?
What is the disease characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons?
What is the disease characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons?
What is the mechanism of action of β adrenergic receptor in the heart?
What is the mechanism of action of β adrenergic receptor in the heart?
What is the purpose of IP3 in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?
What is the purpose of IP3 in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?
What is the effect of blocking beta 1-adrenergic receptors with metoprolol?
What is the effect of blocking beta 1-adrenergic receptors with metoprolol?
What is the primary function of phospholipase C in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?
What is the primary function of phospholipase C in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?
What is the effect of salbutamol on the bronchioles?
What is the effect of salbutamol on the bronchioles?
What is the purpose of diacylglycerol in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?
What is the purpose of diacylglycerol in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?
What is the effect of ACh on the heart rate when nicotinic receptors are blocked?
What is the effect of ACh on the heart rate when nicotinic receptors are blocked?
What is the third division of the efferent nervous system, aside from the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
What is the third division of the efferent nervous system, aside from the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
What type of neurons inform the CNS about conditions in both the external and internal environment?
What type of neurons inform the CNS about conditions in both the external and internal environment?
What is the general effect of dual innervation of organs by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?
What is the general effect of dual innervation of organs by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?
Which of the following organs is only innervated by the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following organs is only innervated by the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system in emergency situations?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system in emergency situations?
What is the direction of travel of afferent fibers in relation to efferent fibers?
What is the direction of travel of afferent fibers in relation to efferent fibers?
What is the location of the enteric nervous system?
What is the location of the enteric nervous system?
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary mechanism of activation of β1 adrenergic receptor in the heart?
What is the primary mechanism of activation of β1 adrenergic receptor in the heart?
What is the role of motor neurons in the somatic nervous system?
What is the role of motor neurons in the somatic nervous system?
What is the result of phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the heart?
What is the result of phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the heart?
What is the neurotransmitter released by motor neurons that stimulates muscle contraction?
What is the neurotransmitter released by motor neurons that stimulates muscle contraction?
What is the characteristic of the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the characteristic of the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the primary function of the postganglionic neuron in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the postganglionic neuron in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the mechanism by which the preganglionic neuron influences the postganglionic neuron in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the mechanism by which the preganglionic neuron influences the postganglionic neuron in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the characteristic of the somatic nervous system in relation to muscle control?
What is the characteristic of the somatic nervous system in relation to muscle control?
What is the role of the receptor in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the role of the receptor in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the primary function of the motor neuron in the somatic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the motor neuron in the somatic nervous system?
What is the site of neurotransmitter release from the axon terminal of the efferent neurons that triggers the formation of graded potentials?
What is the site of neurotransmitter release from the axon terminal of the efferent neurons that triggers the formation of graded potentials?
What is the primary function of the interneurons in the central nervous system?
What is the primary function of the interneurons in the central nervous system?
What is the direction of travel of the action potential in the peripheral afferent axon?
What is the direction of travel of the action potential in the peripheral afferent axon?
What is the role of the axon terminal of the afferent neurons in the transmission of signal to the interneuron?
What is the role of the axon terminal of the afferent neurons in the transmission of signal to the interneuron?
What is the characteristic of the cell body of the afferent neurons?
What is the characteristic of the cell body of the afferent neurons?
What is the primary mechanism by which β1 adrenergic receptors stimulate the heart rate?
What is the primary mechanism by which β1 adrenergic receptors stimulate the heart rate?
What is the primary function of the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the primary function of the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system in relation to motor control?
What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system in relation to motor control?
What is the primary mechanism by which α1 adrenergic receptors stimulate smooth muscle contraction?
What is the primary mechanism by which α1 adrenergic receptors stimulate smooth muscle contraction?
What is the primary function of motor neurons in the spinal cord?
What is the primary function of motor neurons in the spinal cord?
What is the primary function of β1 adrenergic receptors in the heart?
What is the primary function of β1 adrenergic receptors in the heart?
What is the primary function of the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the primary function of the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?
What is the primary mechanism of activation of α receptors in smooth muscles?
What is the primary mechanism of activation of α receptors in smooth muscles?
What is the primary function of motor neurons in the somatic nervous system?
What is the primary function of motor neurons in the somatic nervous system?
What is the effect of IP3 binding to its receptor in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
What is the effect of IP3 binding to its receptor in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
What is the primary function of β2-adrenergic receptors in the bronchioles?
What is the primary function of β2-adrenergic receptors in the bronchioles?
What is the result of Metoprolol binding to β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart?
What is the result of Metoprolol binding to β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart?
What is the role of Phospholipase C in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?
What is the role of Phospholipase C in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?
What is the effect of ACh on the heart rate when nicotinic receptors are blocked?
What is the effect of ACh on the heart rate when nicotinic receptors are blocked?
What is the primary function of the endoneurium in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the primary function of the endoneurium in the peripheral nervous system?
What type of fibers are found in the endoneurium?
What type of fibers are found in the endoneurium?
What is the function of ganglia in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the function of ganglia in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the classification of nerves based on their origin?
What is the classification of nerves based on their origin?
What is the function of myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the function of myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the role of the perineurium in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the role of the perineurium in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the primary function of motor neurons in the somatic nervous system?
What is the primary function of motor neurons in the somatic nervous system?
What is the role of the receptor in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the role of the receptor in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the characteristic of the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the characteristic of the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system in emergency situations?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system in emergency situations?
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Study Notes
Organization of the Nervous System
- The nervous system consists of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The PNS includes nerves, ganglia, and efferent and afferent neurons
Peripheral Nervous System
- The PNS is classified into two divisions: Somatic Nervous System (SNS) and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- The SNS is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles
- The ANS is responsible for involuntary control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
Nerve Structure
- Nerves are classified as cranial nerves (originating from the brain) or spinal nerves (originating from the spinal cord)
- Each nerve consists of:
- Epineurium: the outermost covering of the nerve containing blood vessels
- Perineurium: a layer of connective tissue surrounding groups of axons (fascicles)
- Endoneurium: a layer of connective tissue surrounding individual axons
- Axons: nerve fibers
Ganglia
- Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
- Types of ganglia:
- Terminal ganglia
- Collateral ganglia
- Ganglion chain
Afferent and Efferent Neurons
- Afferent neurons transmit signals from the periphery to the CNS
- Efferent neurons transmit signals from the CNS to the periphery
- Afferent fibers transmit sensory information, while efferent fibers transmit motor responses
Autonomic Nervous System
- The ANS is responsible for involuntary control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
- The ANS has two branches:
- Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS): promotes "fight-or-flight" responses
- Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS): promotes "rest-and-digest" responses
Neurotransmitters and Receptors
- Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter that binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
- Alpha receptors respond to norepinephrine (NE)
- Beta receptors respond to NE and epinephrine (E)
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