Vertebrate Nervous System and Immunity

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mast cells and macrophages in the nervous system?

To produce the myelin sheath

To provide structural support to nerve fibers

To kill any microorganism that enters the axons (correct)

To facilitate the transmission of nerve impulses

What is the outermost covering of a spinal nerve?

Epineurium (correct)

Endoneurium

Perineurium

Myelin sheath

What type of tissue is found in the epineurium?

Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue (correct)

Nervous tissue

Muscle tissue

What is the characteristic shape of veins in the epineurium?

Flat Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional classification of neurons based on?

Their structure and function Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of capillaries in nerve fascicles?

To transport gases Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the deeper region of the epineurium?

More loose and less dense Signup and view all the answers

What is the organization of nerves classified into?

Cranial and spinal nerves, with a similar functional organization Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the receptor in the peripheral nervous system?

To receive the stimulus and trigger the formation of action potential Signup and view all the answers

What type of axon extends from the receptor towards the cell body?

Peripheral afferent axon Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the interneurons?

To integrate afferent information and formulate an efferent response Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotransmitters in the transmission of signal from the axon terminal to the interneuron?

To bind to the receptors in the dendrites and cell body of the interneurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the efferent neurons?

To transmit signals from the CNS to effector organs Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the neurotransmitters released by the axon terminal of the efferent neurons bind to the receptors in the dendrites and cell body of the efferent neurons?

Graded potentials are released in the dendrites and cell body of the efferent neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cell body of the afferent neurons?

To lack dendrites Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the axon hillock in the transmission of signal from the efferent neurons to the effector organs?

To allow the passive flow of current to the axon terminals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of activation of β1 adrenergic receptor?

G-protein coupled mechanism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions of the CNS exerts control over skeletal muscle activity?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the heart?

Increased release of Ca2+ ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the neurotransmitter released by motor neurons that stimulates muscle contraction?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the motor end plate?

Has no threshold potential Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nicotinic receptors in the autonomic ganglia?

To receive and integrate signals from preganglionic neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of increased Ca2+ ions in the heart?

Increased cardiac contractile force and velocity Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of muscarinic receptors on the heart?

Decreases the rate and force of contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons?

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of β adrenergic receptor in the heart?

Activation of adenylyl cyclase Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of IP3 in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?

To bind to a receptor in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and open the Ca2+ channel Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of blocking beta 1-adrenergic receptors with metoprolol?

Decreases heart rate and blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phospholipase C in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?

To cleave PIP2 into IP3 and diacylglycerol Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of salbutamol on the bronchioles?

Dilation of the bronchioles and increase in airflow Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of diacylglycerol in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?

To activate protein kinase and phosphorylate proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ACh on the heart rate when nicotinic receptors are blocked?

Increases the heart rate and contraction force Signup and view all the answers

What is the third division of the efferent nervous system, aside from the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

Enteric Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons inform the CNS about conditions in both the external and internal environment?

Afferent neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the general effect of dual innervation of organs by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?

It produces opposite effects on organ activity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is only innervated by the sympathetic nervous system?

Sweat glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system in emergency situations?

To inhibit actions that delay movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of travel of afferent fibers in relation to efferent fibers?

Opposite direction Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the enteric nervous system?

Entirely within the wall of the digestive tract Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

To promote digestion and relaxation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of activation of β1 adrenergic receptor in the heart?

Binding of NE to β1 adrenergic receptor through a G-protein coupled mechanism Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of motor neurons in the somatic nervous system?

To transmit signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the heart?

Increase in Ca2+ ions in the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the neurotransmitter released by motor neurons that stimulates muscle contraction?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?

It has no threshold potential Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the postganglionic neuron in the autonomic nervous system?

To transmit signals from the CNS to the effector organ Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which the preganglionic neuron influences the postganglionic neuron in the autonomic nervous system?

Through the release of neurotransmitters in the ganglion Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the somatic nervous system in relation to muscle control?

It controls voluntary muscles, such as skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the receptor in the neuromuscular junction?

To bind to neurotransmitters released by the motor neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the motor neuron in the somatic nervous system?

To transmit signals from the CNS to the muscle fiber Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of neurotransmitter release from the axon terminal of the efferent neurons that triggers the formation of graded potentials?

Motor end plate of the effector organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the interneurons in the central nervous system?

Integrating afferent information and formulating an efferent response Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of travel of the action potential in the peripheral afferent axon?

From the receptor to the cell body Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the axon terminal of the afferent neurons in the transmission of signal to the interneuron?

Releasing neurotransmitters to the receptors in the dendrites and cell body of the interneuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the cell body of the afferent neurons?

It does not have dendrites Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which β1 adrenergic receptors stimulate the heart rate?

Binding of G-protein to the receptor, leading to activation of adenylate cyclase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?

To transmit the signal from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system in relation to motor control?

To control the contraction of skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which α1 adrenergic receptors stimulate smooth muscle contraction?

Activation of phospholipase C, leading to increased IP3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of motor neurons in the spinal cord?

To control the contraction of skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of β1 adrenergic receptors in the heart?

To increase the heart rate and contractility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?

To receive neurotransmitters from the motor neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?

To regulate voluntary actions such as movement and skeletal muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of activation of α receptors in smooth muscles?

Increase in IP3 and diacylglycerol levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of motor neurons in the somatic nervous system?

To stimulate muscle contraction through neurotransmitter release Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of IP3 binding to its receptor in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Opening of the Ca2+ channel Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of β2-adrenergic receptors in the bronchioles?

Dilation of bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Metoprolol binding to β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart?

Decreased heart rate and contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Phospholipase C in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?

Cleavage of PIP2 into IP3 and diacylglycerol Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ACh on the heart rate when nicotinic receptors are blocked?

Increased heart rate and contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endoneurium in the peripheral nervous system?

To maintain the blood-nerve barrier Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers are found in the endoneurium?

Reticular fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ganglia in the peripheral nervous system?

To store cell bodies of neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of nerves based on their origin?

Cranial and spinal Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?

To facilitate the transmission of nerve impulses Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the perineurium in the peripheral nervous system?

To maintain the blood-nerve barrier Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of motor neurons in the somatic nervous system?

To stimulate muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the receptor in the neuromuscular junction?

To bind neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?

It is a type of synapse Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system in emergency situations?

To respond to stress Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organization of the Nervous System

The nervous system consists of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The PNS includes nerves, ganglia, and efferent and afferent neurons

Peripheral Nervous System

The PNS is classified into two divisions: Somatic Nervous System (SNS) and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
The SNS is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles
The ANS is responsible for involuntary control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

Nerve Structure

Nerves are classified as cranial nerves (originating from the brain) or spinal nerves (originating from the spinal cord)
Each nerve consists of:
- Epineurium: the outermost covering of the nerve containing blood vessels
- Perineurium: a layer of connective tissue surrounding groups of axons (fascicles)
- Endoneurium: a layer of connective tissue surrounding individual axons
- Axons: nerve fibers

Ganglia

Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
Types of ganglia:
- Terminal ganglia
- Collateral ganglia
- Ganglion chain

Afferent and Efferent Neurons

Afferent neurons transmit signals from the periphery to the CNS
Efferent neurons transmit signals from the CNS to the periphery
Afferent fibers transmit sensory information, while efferent fibers transmit motor responses

Autonomic Nervous System

The ANS is responsible for involuntary control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
The ANS has two branches:
- Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS): promotes "fight-or-flight" responses
- Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS): promotes "rest-and-digest" responses

Neurotransmitters and Receptors

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter that binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
Alpha receptors respond to norepinephrine (NE)
Beta receptors respond to NE and epinephrine (E)

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers the organization of the vertebrate nervous system, including the peripheral nervous system, nerves, ganglia, and functional classification of neurons. It also touches on the role of mast cells and macrophages in immunity.

Vertebrate Nervous System and Immunity

Choose a study mode

Podcast

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mast cells and macrophages in the nervous system?

What is the outermost covering of a spinal nerve?

What type of tissue is found in the epineurium?

What is the characteristic shape of veins in the epineurium?

What is the functional classification of neurons based on?

What is the purpose of capillaries in nerve fascicles?

What is the characteristic of the deeper region of the epineurium?

What is the organization of nerves classified into?

What is the role of the receptor in the peripheral nervous system?

What type of axon extends from the receptor towards the cell body?

What is the function of the interneurons?

What is the role of neurotransmitters in the transmission of signal from the axon terminal to the interneuron?

What is the function of the efferent neurons?

What happens when the neurotransmitters released by the axon terminal of the efferent neurons bind to the receptors in the dendrites and cell body of the efferent neurons?

What is the role of the cell body of the afferent neurons?

What is the function of the axon hillock in the transmission of signal from the efferent neurons to the effector organs?

What is the primary mechanism of activation of β1 adrenergic receptor?

Which of the following regions of the CNS exerts control over skeletal muscle activity?

What is the result of phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the heart?

What is the neurotransmitter released by motor neurons that stimulates muscle contraction?

What is the characteristic of the motor end plate?

What is the primary function of nicotinic receptors in the autonomic ganglia?

What is the result of increased Ca2+ ions in the heart?

What is the effect of muscarinic receptors on the heart?

What is the disease characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons?

What is the mechanism of action of β adrenergic receptor in the heart?

What is the purpose of IP3 in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?

What is the effect of blocking beta 1-adrenergic receptors with metoprolol?

What is the primary function of phospholipase C in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?

What is the effect of salbutamol on the bronchioles?

What is the purpose of diacylglycerol in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?

What is the effect of ACh on the heart rate when nicotinic receptors are blocked?

What is the third division of the efferent nervous system, aside from the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

What type of neurons inform the CNS about conditions in both the external and internal environment?

What is the general effect of dual innervation of organs by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?

Which of the following organs is only innervated by the sympathetic nervous system?

What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system in emergency situations?

What is the direction of travel of afferent fibers in relation to efferent fibers?

What is the location of the enteric nervous system?

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

What is the primary mechanism of activation of β1 adrenergic receptor in the heart?

What is the role of motor neurons in the somatic nervous system?

What is the result of phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the heart?

What is the neurotransmitter released by motor neurons that stimulates muscle contraction?

What is the characteristic of the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?

What is the primary function of the postganglionic neuron in the autonomic nervous system?

What is the mechanism by which the preganglionic neuron influences the postganglionic neuron in the autonomic nervous system?

What is the characteristic of the somatic nervous system in relation to muscle control?

What is the role of the receptor in the neuromuscular junction?

What is the primary function of the motor neuron in the somatic nervous system?

What is the site of neurotransmitter release from the axon terminal of the efferent neurons that triggers the formation of graded potentials?

What is the primary function of the interneurons in the central nervous system?

What is the direction of travel of the action potential in the peripheral afferent axon?

What is the role of the axon terminal of the afferent neurons in the transmission of signal to the interneuron?

What is the characteristic of the cell body of the afferent neurons?

What is the primary mechanism by which β1 adrenergic receptors stimulate the heart rate?

What is the primary function of the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?

What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system in relation to motor control?

What is the primary mechanism by which α1 adrenergic receptors stimulate smooth muscle contraction?

What is the primary function of motor neurons in the spinal cord?

What is the primary function of β1 adrenergic receptors in the heart?

What is the primary function of the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?

What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?

What is the primary mechanism of activation of α receptors in smooth muscles?

What is the primary function of motor neurons in the somatic nervous system?

What is the effect of IP3 binding to its receptor in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

What is the primary function of β2-adrenergic receptors in the bronchioles?

What is the result of Metoprolol binding to β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart?

What is the role of Phospholipase C in the signaling pathway of alpha receptors?

What is the effect of ACh on the heart rate when nicotinic receptors are blocked?

What is the primary function of the endoneurium in the peripheral nervous system?

What type of fibers are found in the endoneurium?

What is the function of ganglia in the peripheral nervous system?

What is the classification of nerves based on their origin?

What is the function of myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?

What is the role of the perineurium in the peripheral nervous system?