Biology: Integumentary Respiration
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary condition for oxygen to diffuse through the integument of an organism?

  • The environment is terrestrial
  • The skin is moist (correct)
  • The organism has tracheal systems
  • The organism has lungs

    • What percentage of oxygen in frogs is acquired via cutaneous respiration?

  • One-quarter of the oxygen (correct)
  • Three-quarters of the oxygen
  • Half of the oxygen
  • All of the oxygen

    • What is the function of spiracles in tracheal systems?

  • To facilitate countercurrent gas exchange
  • To increase the surface area for gas exchange
  • To open and close to prevent water from entering the tracheal system (correct)
  • To allow oxygen to diffuse through the integument

    • What is the characteristic of gill arches in fish?

    <p>They are formed by the evaginations/external outgrowths from the body surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of countercurrent gas exchange in gills?

    <p>It allows for easier capture of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of alveoli in lungs?

    <p>To allow for the exchange of gas between the environment and the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of lung ventilation in frogs?

    <p>Positive pressure pumping mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order of the respiratory pathway in lungs?

    <p>Trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is iron stored after being transported via the transferrin molecule?

    <p>In protein complexes into ferritin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythropoietin?

    <p>To stimulate the bone marrow to enhance erythropoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of granular leukocytes?

    <p>To fight foreign materials/objects detected in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following valves ensures one-way blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery?

    <p>Semilunar valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of thrombocytes (platelets)?

    <p>Functions for blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does oxygenated blood from the lungs flow into?

    <p>Left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bilirubin in the small intestine?

    <p>It becomes the bile for the digestion of fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the atrioventricular valve?

    <p>To ensure one-way blood flow between the atria and ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low RBC count?

    <p>Hypoxia (low levels of oxygen)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in the blood flow pathway?

    <p>Blood flows from the left atrium to the right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of NK cells?

    <p>Kills infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of urobilinogen in the large intestine?

    <p>It is converted into stercobilin, causing the brown color of the feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is deoxygenated blood from the upper body returned to?

    <p>Anterior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?

    <p>Bicuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hematopoeisis or hemopoiesis?

    <p>The formation of the cells in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the biconcavity of the red blood cells?

    <p>Increasing the surface area of the cell for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>To bind to oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of red blood cells in the blood?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the iron in the heme of broken down red blood cells?

    <p>It has two pathways, including one for reuse in protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the anucleate nature of red blood cells?

    <p>It increases the space for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of macrophages in the breakdown of red blood cells?

    <p>To break down the cell into its major components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the blood from the renal artery enter initially?

    <p>Afferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the glomerular filter?

    <p>To allow waste and water to exit to the Bowmann’s capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the glomerular basement membrane?

    <p>To attach to the pedicels/podocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't small proteins pass through the diaphragm/spaces between the pedicels?

    <p>Because they are part of the blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

    <p>It causes water and waste to be pushed out to the glomerular capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the blood colloid osmotic pressure?

    <p>Some of the water will move back to the capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net pressure that causes water to exit the capillaries?

    <p>10mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the efferent arteriole?

    <p>To allow blood to flow out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiration

    • Integumentary respiration: occurs in organisms living in moist environments, where oxygen diffuses through the skin, which must be moist
    • Examples: ¼ of oxygen in frogs is acquired via cutaneous respiration, and lungless salamanders rely solely on cutaneous respiration in the buccal-pharyngeal region

    Tracheal Systems

    • Present in some terrestrial environments
    • Composition:
      • Trachea: contains openings with spiracles
      • Spiracle: coverings that can open and close to prevent water from entering the tracheal system
      • Tracheole: connected to the trachea

    Gills (Brachia)

    • Formed by evaginations/external outgrowths from the body surface
    • Types:
      • External gills: found on the external side
      • Internal gills: covered by the epidermis
    • Composed of gill arches: fish possess 4 gill arches, each with two layers of gill filaments
    • Countercurrent gas exchange:
      • Flow of blood is opposite the direction of the flow of water
      • Allows for easier capture of oxygen: oxygen-poor blood will capture oxygen quickly with the oxygen-rich waters

    Lungs

    • For air respiration in terrestrial environments
    • Alveoli:
      • Where the exchange of gas occurs
      • Rich in capillaries that release CO2 and capture O2
      • Composed of simple squamous epithelium to allow easy passage of gases
      • Thinner membrane increases the rate of diffusion of gases
    • From the trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
    • Lung ventilation:
      • Positive pressure pumping mechanism
      • Example: how frogs respire/inspire

    Hematopoeisis (Hemopoiesis)

    • Formation of cells in the blood
    • All cells are from multipotent stem cells
    • Differentiation into:
      • Lymphoid stem cells: give rise to lymphocytes (B and T-lymphocytes)
      • Myeloid stem cells: give rise to erythrocytes (red blood cells), leucocytes (white blood cells), and platelets

    Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

    • 3 cellular features:
      • Biconcavity increases surface area for gas exchange
      • Contain heme consisting of hemoglobin for binding oxygen
      • Anucleate (no nucleus) to increase space for oxygen
    • Short lifespan: 120 days
    • Recycled by the liver and spleen to be broken down into components (hemoglobin)
    • Comprise 90% of cells in the blood

    Life Cycle of RBC

    • Macrophages break down RBC to its major components: globin and heme
    • Globin broken down to amino acid components, reused for protein synthesis
    • Iron in the heme has two pathways:
      • Transported to the liver via transferrin, stored in ferritin
      • Converted into biliverdin, then bilirubin, transferred to the liver, and excreted into bile

    Control of Erythrocyte Level

    • Anemia: low concentration of RBC, causing hypoxia (low oxygen levels)
    • Imbalance of RBC detected by kidneys, triggered by low oxygen levels in the blood
    • Kidneys (and sometimes liver) release erythropoietin to stimulate bone marrow to enhance erythropoiesis

    Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

    • Types:
      • Granular: have granules in the cytoplasm (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils)
      • Agranular: no granules in the cytoplasm (lymphocytes, monocytes)
    • Functions: fight foreign materials/objects detected in the body (except NK cells)

    Thrombocytes (Platelets)

    • Function: blood clotting
    • After some time, a bleeding wound will stop bleeding because of platelets

    Blood Circulation

    • Blood flow:
      • From the upper body, passes through the anterior vena cava, and also through the posterior vena cava for the lower body
      • Enters the right atrium, then the right ventricle, monitored by the atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
      • Enters the pulmonary artery to be oxygenated in the lungs, monitored by the semilunar valve
    • Oxygenated blood:
      • From the lungs, passes through the pulmonary veins
      • Enters the left atrium, then the left ventricle, monitored by the atrioventricular valve (bicuspid valve)
      • Glomerular filtration: where most of the filtration occurs

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    Description

    Learn about the process of respiration through the integument of an organism, commonly found in amphibians living in moist environments. Discover how oxygen is acquired through the skin in frogs and lungless salamanders.

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