Biology in Human Welfare Chapters 8-10
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Questions and Answers

What is the youngest formally recognized discipline of natural science?

Biology

In which century did the utility of biological knowledge in furthering human welfare become evident?

Twentieth Century

What are two areas where biological discoveries have made significant progress in advancing human welfare?

Health sector and agriculture

Which significant medical advancements are mentioned in the passage?

<p>Antibiotics, synthetic plant-derived drugs, and anesthetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is given as an example of significant socio-cultural changes brought about by agricultural practices, food processing, and diagnostics?

<p>The Green Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where was M.S. Swaminathan born?

<p>Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was M.S. Swaminathan's area of expertise?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the research institute that enabled M.S. Swaminathan to develop short-duration high-yielding varieties of rice?

<p>Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is M.S. Swaminathan also known for developing?

<p>The concept of crop cafeteria, crop scheduling, and genetically enhancing the yield and quality of crops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who did M.S. Swaminathan collaborate with to initiate the 'Green Revolution'?

<p>Norman Borlaug</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Green Revolution' was achieved through the introduction of Mexican varieties of wheat in India.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides the 'Green Revolution', what other environmental programmes did M.S. Swaminathan initiate?

<p>Lab-to-Land, food security, and several others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the prestigious awards, medals, and fellowships that M.S. Swaminathan received?

<p>Padma Bhushan and several others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the early Greek concept of health based on?

<p>A balance of certain 'humors'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the early Greek physician mentioned in the text who advocated the 'humors' theory?

<p>Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system of medicine in India also promoted the 'humors' theory?

<p>Indian Ayurveda</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific basis for the 'good humor' hypothesis of health?

<p>It was based on pure reflective thought, not on experimental evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The discovery of blood circulation by William Harvey disproved the 'good humor' hypothesis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'good humor' hypothesis was ultimately disproved by the development of the thermometer.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the neural system affect the body's health?

<p>The neural system influences the immune system through its communication with the brain, and the immune system is key to maintaining health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the endocrine system affect health?

<p>The endocrine system influences the immune system through the release of hormones, which are essential for regulating immune responses and overall health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Health is solely influenced by genetic factors.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for a child suffering from genetic disorders?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides genetic disorders, what are the other factors that can affect a person's health?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components of life style can impact a person's health?

<p>Food and water consumption, rest and exercise, and personal habits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another definition of health, besides the absence of disease?

<p>A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A healthy lifestyle involves practicing yoga.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining good health is a personal responsibility and does not require community involvement.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining a balance of physical and mental health is not essential for overall well-being.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for a condition where the functioning of one or more organs or systems of the body is adversely affected?

<p>Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Into which two categories can diseases be broadly categorized?

<p>Infectious and non-infectious</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infectious diseases can be easily transmitted from one person to another.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

All infectious diseases are fatal.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is given as an example of a fatal infectious disease?

<p>AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is given as an example of a non-infectious disease that is a major cause of death?

<p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drug and alcohol abuse are not considered to be factors that can negatively affect a person's health.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the categories of organisms that can cause human diseases?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for disease-causing organisms?

<p>Pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most parasites are not considered pathogens.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do pathogens enter the human body?

<p>Through various means including ingestion, inhalation, and direct contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pathogens must adapt to survive within the host's environment.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the pathogenic bacterium that causes typhoid fever?

<p>Salmonella typhi</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Salmonella typhi bacteria enter the human body?

<p>Through contaminated food and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the symptoms of typhoid fever?

<p>Sustained high fever, weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache, and loss of appetite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Typhoid fever can be diagnosed through a Widal test.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name given to Mary Mallon, a cook who was a typhoid carrier?

<p>Typhoid Mary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are responsible for pneumonia in humans?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pneumonia can be acquired through the inhalation of droplets or aerosols released by an infected person.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus is responsible for the common cold?

<p>Rhino viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the symptoms of the common cold?

<p>Nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, hoarseness, cough, headache, and tiredness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The common cold is transmitted only through direct contact with an infected person.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of microorganism is responsible for malaria?

<p>Protozoans</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the genus that causes malaria?

<p>Plasmodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species of Plasmodium is responsible for the most serious form of malaria?

<p>P. falciparum</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Plasmodium enter the human body?

<p>Through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of Plasmodium that infect humans?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the Plasmodium parasites after they enter the human body?

<p>They multiply within the liver cells and then attack red blood cells (RBCs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the toxin released when RBCs rupture?

<p>Haemozion</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Plasmodium enter the Anopheles mosquito?

<p>When a female Anopheles mosquito bites an infected person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The life cycle of Plasmodium requires two hosts: humans and mosquitoes.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis?

<p>Entamoeba histolytica</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is amoebiasis transmitted?

<p>Through contaminated food and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

House flies can act as mechanical carriers of Entamoeba histolytica.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which helminths are mentioned as pathogens in humans?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the intestinal parasite that causes ascariasis?

<p>Ascaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of filarial worms that cause elephantiasis?

<p>Wuchereria bancrofti and W. malayi</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is elephantiasis transmitted?

<p>Through the bite of a female mosquito vector.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the fungal infections that cause dry, scaly lesions on the skin, nails, and scalp?

<p>Ringworms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ringworms are rarely contagious and are primarily caused by poor hygiene.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary measure for the prevention and control of many infectious diseases?

<p>Maintaining personal and public hygiene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some measures included in personal hygiene?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some measures included in public hygiene?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Close contact with infected individuals or their belongings is recommended to prevent infectious diseases.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of vectors that transmit diseases?

<p>Mosquitoes, flies, and ticks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The best way to control vector-borne diseases like dengue and chikungunya is to avoid close contact with infected people.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of advances in biological science in combating infectious diseases?

<p>Advancements in biological science have provided us with vaccines, immunisation programmes, and antibiotics, which have helped control and even eradicate certain diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vaccines and immunisation programmes have successfully eradicated smallpox.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diseases have been controlled to a large extent by the use of vaccines?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biotechnology has no role to play in developing newer and safer vaccines.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The discovery of antibiotics has not made a significant contribution to the treatment of infectious diseases.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the body's ability to fight disease-causing organisms?

<p>Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of immunity?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is innate immunity?

<p>Innate immunity is the non-specific type of defense that is present at birth, providing a first line of defense against pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of barriers that contribute to innate immunity?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body?

<p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of physiological barriers?

<p>Acid in the stomach, saliva in the mouth, and tears.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of cellular barriers that contribute to innate immunity?

<p>Polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL-neutrophils), monocytes, and macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cytokines?

<p>Cytokines are proteins secreted by virus-infected cells that protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acquired immunity is pathogen-specific, meaning that the body's response is tailored to a particular pathogen.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acquired immunity is not associated with memory.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of lymphocytes involved in acquired immunity?

<p>B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are antibodies?

<p>Antibodies are proteins produced by B-lymphocytes that specifically target and neutralize pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

T-lymphocytes produce antibodies.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four peptide chains present in an antibody molecule?

<p>Two light chains and two heavy chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'humoral immune response' refers to antibody-mediated immunity.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the other type of acquired immune response, besides humoral immunity?

<p>Cell-mediated immunity (CMI).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for graft rejection?

<p>The body's immune system distinguishes between 'self' and 'non-self' and mounts an immune response to reject tissues that are perceived as foreign.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of immunity that are typically acquired through exposure to antigens?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active immunity is a rapid response that provides immediate protection against pathogens.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Passive immunity is a slow response that involves the body's own immune system.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mother's milk is considered essential for newborns because it provides passive immunity.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the yellowish fluid produced in mother's milk during the initial days of lactation?

<p>Colostrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides mother's milk, what is another example of passive immunity?

<p>Antibodies received by the foetus through the placenta during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of vaccination and immunisation?

<p>The memory of the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vaccines introduce weakened or inactivated pathogens into the body.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the antibodies produced in the body in response to vaccination?

<p>To neutralize the pathogenic agents during actual infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vaccines generate memory B- and T- cells, which will quickly recognize and respond to pathogens upon subsequent exposures.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of infections where a quick immune response is essential, antibodies are directly injected to provide immediate protection.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunisation involves injecting preformed antibodies?

<p>Passive immunisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biology in Human Welfare

  • Biology is a relatively young science compared to physics and chemistry.
  • Biology's practical applications, like in health and agriculture, are becoming increasingly important.
  • Advances in biology have improved medical practices and increased life expectancy.
  • Agricultural innovations and diagnostics have brought significant societal changes.

Chapter 8: Human Health and Disease

  • Early understanding of health focused on a balance of bodily "humors."
  • Modern biology recognizes a more complex interplay of factors influencing health.
  • Genetic disorders, infections, and lifestyle contribute to many diseases.

Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

  • The development of high-yielding varieties of crops has been a major achievement.
  • Increased crop yields contribute to food security.

Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare

  • Microorganisms play crucial roles in human health and disease.
  • Both helpful and harmful microbes exist.

Common Diseases in Humans

  • Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths can cause diseases.
  • Pathogens cause harm by interfering with normal body functions.
  • Diseases like pneumonia, typhoid, and malaria have specific causes, symptoms, and transmission methods.

Immunity (8.2)

  • Innate immunity: Provides initial defenses against pathogens present at birth.
  • Acquired immunity: Develops after exposure to pathogens—highly specific and has memory.
  • Active immunity: Body produces antibodies in response to an infection or vaccine.
  • Passive immunity: Receive antibodies from another source (e.g., mother's milk); short-lived.
  • Immune system components, including physical barriers, phagocytes, and antibodies, all contribute to overall protection.

Allergies (8.2.5)

  • Allergies are an exaggerated immune response to certain environmental substances (allergens).
  • Allergic reactions can cause various symptoms like sneezing, watery eyes, and breathing difficulties.

Auto-immunity (8.2.6)

  • Autoimmune diseases occur when the body's immune system attacks its own tissues.

AIDS (8.3)

  • AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), a retrovirus.
  • HIV infection leads to a decline in the number of helper T-cells, weakening the immune system.
  • HIV transmission happens through specific bodily fluids.

Cancer (8.4)

  • Cancer involves uncontrolled cell growth and division, leading to tumors.
  • Benign tumors are localized, while malignant tumors can metastasize.
  • Several factors contribute to cancer development—genetic predisposition, environmental exposure, and viral infections.
  • Techniques like biopsies and imaging help diagnose cancer.
  • Treatments include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

Drugs and Alcohol Abuse (8.5)

  • Drug and alcohol abuse has negative effects on individuals and society.
  • Addiction leads to dependence and potential physical and mental health consequences.
  • Abuse can affect various body systems and lead to social issues.
  • Prevention and control measures are important.

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Description

Explore the significant impacts of biology on human health and agriculture through Chapters 8 to 10. Understand how the interplay of various factors influences health, the role of microbes, and advancements in food production. This quiz highlights the contributions of biological science to health and societal progress.

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