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Questions and Answers
What is the broader definition of health?
What is the broader definition of health?
Which of the following is NOT a method to maintain good health?
Which of the following is NOT a method to maintain good health?
What type of diseases are characterized by their ability to be transmitted from one person to another?
What type of diseases are characterized by their ability to be transmitted from one person to another?
Which of the following is a major cause of death among non-infectious diseases?
Which of the following is a major cause of death among non-infectious diseases?
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What is a pathogen?
What is a pathogen?
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How do pathogens typically enter the human body?
How do pathogens typically enter the human body?
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What role does yoga play in health according to the provided content?
What role does yoga play in health according to the provided content?
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What is a common source of morbidity and mortality, particularly in relation to substance use?
What is a common source of morbidity and mortality, particularly in relation to substance use?
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Which barrier is primarily responsible for preventing the entry of micro-organisms into the body?
Which barrier is primarily responsible for preventing the entry of micro-organisms into the body?
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What type of immunity is characterized by a memory response to pathogens?
What type of immunity is characterized by a memory response to pathogens?
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Which cells are responsible for phagocytosing and destroying microbes in the body?
Which cells are responsible for phagocytosing and destroying microbes in the body?
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Which type of barrier includes saliva and tears that prevent microbial growth?
Which type of barrier includes saliva and tears that prevent microbial growth?
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What are the two types of lymphocytes involved in the acquired immune response?
What are the two types of lymphocytes involved in the acquired immune response?
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What structure do antibodies consist of?
What structure do antibodies consist of?
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What is the primary function of the interferons secreted by virus-infected cells?
What is the primary function of the interferons secreted by virus-infected cells?
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Which of the following types of antibodies is NOT commonly found in the human body?
Which of the following types of antibodies is NOT commonly found in the human body?
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Which of the following diseases is NOT transmitted through water or food contamination?
Which of the following diseases is NOT transmitted through water or food contamination?
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What is the primary lymphoid organ responsible for the maturation of T cells?
What is the primary lymphoid organ responsible for the maturation of T cells?
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Which of the following correctly defines 'metastasis' in cancer?
Which of the following correctly defines 'metastasis' in cancer?
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Which immune response is characterized by the body's immediate response to infection?
Which immune response is characterized by the body's immediate response to infection?
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Which of the following abbreviations stands for the largest public health initiative in India for STD/AIDS control?
Which of the following abbreviations stands for the largest public health initiative in India for STD/AIDS control?
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What type of immunity involves the body producing its own antibodies in response to antigens?
What type of immunity involves the body producing its own antibodies in response to antigens?
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Which type of immune response is primarily mediated by T-lymphocytes?
Which type of immune response is primarily mediated by T-lymphocytes?
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What is required to prevent organ graft rejection during transplantation?
What is required to prevent organ graft rejection during transplantation?
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Why are immuno-suppressants necessary after an organ transplant?
Why are immuno-suppressants necessary after an organ transplant?
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Which is a characteristic of passive immunity?
Which is a characteristic of passive immunity?
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What is the function of the yellowish fluid colostrum produced by mothers?
What is the function of the yellowish fluid colostrum produced by mothers?
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What principle does vaccination rely on?
What principle does vaccination rely on?
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What occurs during the process of active immunity development?
What occurs during the process of active immunity development?
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What is one recommended way to avoid alcohol and drug abuse among adolescents?
What is one recommended way to avoid alcohol and drug abuse among adolescents?
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What is an appropriate action for friends who suspect someone is using drugs or alcohol?
What is an appropriate action for friends who suspect someone is using drugs or alcohol?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a measure for preventing drug and alcohol abuse?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a measure for preventing drug and alcohol abuse?
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What type of help can be sought for individuals struggling with drug or alcohol abuse?
What type of help can be sought for individuals struggling with drug or alcohol abuse?
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How can children's energy be effectively redirected to prevent substance abuse?
How can children's energy be effectively redirected to prevent substance abuse?
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What is a critical component in identifying potential substance abuse in adolescents?
What is a critical component in identifying potential substance abuse in adolescents?
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What is an important outcome of seeking help from parents and peers during difficult times?
What is an important outcome of seeking help from parents and peers during difficult times?
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What does complete health encompass beyond the absence of disease?
What does complete health encompass beyond the absence of disease?
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What is a primary vector-borne disease mentioned that can be fatal if untreated?
What is a primary vector-borne disease mentioned that can be fatal if untreated?
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Which component of the immune system is responsible for the rapid response on subsequent exposure to the same pathogen?
Which component of the immune system is responsible for the rapid response on subsequent exposure to the same pathogen?
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What role does public health play in preventing diseases like malaria?
What role does public health play in preventing diseases like malaria?
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What is one significant cause of concern related to drug and alcohol abuse among youth?
What is one significant cause of concern related to drug and alcohol abuse among youth?
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Which immune response involves the production of specific antibodies?
Which immune response involves the production of specific antibodies?
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What is emphasized as a protective measure against AIDS?
What is emphasized as a protective measure against AIDS?
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What is a potential outcome of early detection of cancer?
What is a potential outcome of early detection of cancer?
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Which innate defense acts as a physical barrier to block pathogens?
Which innate defense acts as a physical barrier to block pathogens?
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Study Notes
Biology in Human Welfare
- Biology is the youngest of the formalized natural sciences
- Progress in physics and chemistry has been faster than in biology
- The utility of biological knowledge in the 21st century is vital for human welfare, in health and agriculture.
- Discoveries like antibiotics, synthetic drugs, and anesthesia have improved medical practice.
- Life expectancy of humans has dramatically changed over time.
- Advances in agriculture, food processing, and diagnostics have brought substantial socio-cultural changes.
- These changes are briefly described in the following chapters.
Chapter 8: Human Health and Disease
- Health has historically been viewed as a balance of 'humors' (early Greeks, Indian Ayurveda).
- The discovery of blood circulation and temperature measurements disproved the pure reflective approach to health.
- Modern biology recognizes the impact of mind, neural system, and endocrine system on immune responses and overall health.
- Health is also affected by genetic disorders, infections, and lifestyle choices (diet, exercise, habits).
Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- This chapter discusses strategies to improve food production.
- The chapter doesn't contain specific details about strategies.
Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare
- Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and helminths can cause human diseases.
- These disease-causing organisms are called pathogens.
- Many pathogens cause harm by living within or on the host.
- Pathogens enter and multiply in the body, interfering with normal bodily functions.
- The chapter covers common diseases like typhoid, pneumonia, dysentery, and plague caused by bacteria.
- Viruses like rhino viruses cause the common cold and other viral diseases.
- Human diseases are also caused by protozoa, like malaria.
- Pathogens are transmitted through various means, like contaminated food/water.
- Maintaining personal and public hygiene (waste disposal, water treatment) is key for disease prevention.
- The use of vaccinations and immunization programs has enabled eradication of some deadly diseases like smallpox.
- The chapter discusses various preventive measures and treatments for infectious diseases.
8.2 Immunity
- Innate immunity (present at birth) provides a first line of defence against foreign agents.
- It includes physical barriers (skin, mucus membranes), physiological barriers (stomach acid), cellular barriers (immune cells), and cytokine (interferon) barriers.
- Acquired immunity (developed over time) involves lymphocytes (B-cells, T-cells).
- Antibodies (proteins) produced by B-cells are involved in humoral immunity (response in body fluids).
- T-cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity.
- Active immunity develops after exposure or vaccination (antibodies produced by the body itself).
- Passive immunity involves receiving pre-formed antibodies (from mother's milk, injections).
8.2.4 Vaccination and Immunisation
- Immunisation involves introducing a preparation of antigenic proteins or weakened pathogens to build up antibodies and immunity.
- The body develops antibodies through subsequent exposure to the same antigen.
- Recombinant DNA technology allows for large-scale production of vaccines.
8.2.5 Allergies
- Allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to common substances (allergens).
- Symptoms include sneezing, watery eyes, and difficulty breathing.
- Allergens include dust-mites, pollens, and animal dander.
- Drugs (antihistamines, adrenaline, steroids) help reduce allergy symptoms.
8.2.6 Auto Immunity
- The body's immune system occasionally attacks its own cells and tissues (auto-immune diseases).
- An example mentioned is rheumatoid arthritis
8.3 AIDS
- AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).
- HIV is transmitted through specific body fluids.
- Preventive measures include safe sex practices, preventing blood contact, avoiding sharing of needles, and preventing transmission from mother to child.
8.4 Cancer
- Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth and division resulting in tumors (masses of cells).
- Benign tumors remain localized.
- Malignant tumors can spread (metastasize) to other body parts.
- Factors contributing to cancer development include carcinogens, viruses, genetics, and lifestyle choices.
- Various methods are utilized to detect and diagnose cancer (biopsy, imaging techniques, antibody detection).
- Current treatments for cancer include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
8.5 Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
- Drug and alcohol abuse is a growing concern, particularly among young people.
- Drugs, like opioids, cannabinoids, and coca alkaloids have various effects on the body.
- Some drugs are extracted from flowering plants, while others are synthetically produced.
- Repeated drug use can lead to addiction (psychological attachment), tolerance (need for higher doses), and dependence (withdrawal syndrome).
- Drug and alcohol abuse can cause reckless behavior, violence, respiratory failure, and even death.
- Preventive measures include education, counseling, and support systems to address underlying issues like peer pressure and stress.
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Description
This quiz explores Chapter 8 of the Biology in Human Welfare course, focusing on human health and disease. It discusses the evolution of health concepts from ancient beliefs to modern understandings of the immune system and the role of biology in improving health and welfare. Test your knowledge on the significant discoveries and their implications for society.
