Biology in Human Welfare: Chapter 8 Review
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Questions and Answers

What is the broader definition of health?

  • State of physical, mental, and social well-being (correct)
  • Physical fitness only
  • Economic productivity
  • Absence of disease

Which of the following is NOT a method to maintain good health?

  • Personal hygiene
  • Balanced diet
  • Regular exercise
  • Excessive alcohol consumption (correct)

What type of diseases are characterized by their ability to be transmitted from one person to another?

  • Infectious diseases (correct)
  • Chronic diseases
  • Non-infectious diseases
  • Genetic diseases

Which of the following is a major cause of death among non-infectious diseases?

<p>Cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pathogen?

<p>An organism that causes disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do pathogens typically enter the human body?

<p>Various means including ingestion and inhalation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does yoga play in health according to the provided content?

<p>It helps achieve physical and mental health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common source of morbidity and mortality, particularly in relation to substance use?

<p>Drug and alcohol abuse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which barrier is primarily responsible for preventing the entry of micro-organisms into the body?

<p>Skin on the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is characterized by a memory response to pathogens?

<p>Acquired immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for phagocytosing and destroying microbes in the body?

<p>Macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of barrier includes saliva and tears that prevent microbial growth?

<p>Physiological barriers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of lymphocytes involved in the acquired immune response?

<p>B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure do antibodies consist of?

<p>Two light chains and two heavy chains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the interferons secreted by virus-infected cells?

<p>To protect non-infected cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of antibodies is NOT commonly found in the human body?

<p>IgK (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT transmitted through water or food contamination?

<p>Malaria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary lymphoid organ responsible for the maturation of T cells?

<p>Thymus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines 'metastasis' in cancer?

<p>Spread of cancer cells to distant sites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response is characterized by the body's immediate response to infection?

<p>Innate immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following abbreviations stands for the largest public health initiative in India for STD/AIDS control?

<p>NACO (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity involves the body producing its own antibodies in response to antigens?

<p>Active immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune response is primarily mediated by T-lymphocytes?

<p>Cell-mediated immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required to prevent organ graft rejection during transplantation?

<p>Tissue and blood group matching (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are immuno-suppressants necessary after an organ transplant?

<p>To prevent tissue rejection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a characteristic of passive immunity?

<p>Is obtained through maternal antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the yellowish fluid colostrum produced by mothers?

<p>Contains high levels of antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle does vaccination rely on?

<p>Immune system memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the process of active immunity development?

<p>Delayed antibody production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one recommended way to avoid alcohol and drug abuse among adolescents?

<p>Educate and counsel children about dealing with stress and disappointments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an appropriate action for friends who suspect someone is using drugs or alcohol?

<p>Inform parents or teachers about the suspected abuse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a measure for preventing drug and alcohol abuse?

<p>Prioritizing academic success above all else. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of help can be sought for individuals struggling with drug or alcohol abuse?

<p>Counseling from highly qualified psychologists and rehabilitation programs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can children's energy be effectively redirected to prevent substance abuse?

<p>Through involvement in healthy extracurricular activities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical component in identifying potential substance abuse in adolescents?

<p>Parents and teachers looking for danger signs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important outcome of seeking help from parents and peers during difficult times?

<p>Building a supportive environment to address feelings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does complete health encompass beyond the absence of disease?

<p>A state of social, mental, and psychological well-being. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary vector-borne disease mentioned that can be fatal if untreated?

<p>Malaria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the immune system is responsible for the rapid response on subsequent exposure to the same pathogen?

<p>Memory cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does public health play in preventing diseases like malaria?

<p>It combines waste disposal, vector control, and water decontamination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant cause of concern related to drug and alcohol abuse among youth?

<p>Decreased academic performance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response involves the production of specific antibodies?

<p>Humoral immune response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as a protective measure against AIDS?

<p>Certain precautions and education (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of early detection of cancer?

<p>Increased chances of successful treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which innate defense acts as a physical barrier to block pathogens?

<p>Skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Definition of Health

Complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just absence of disease or physical fitness.

Healthy impact on productivity

Healthy individuals are more efficient at work, boosting productivity and the economy.

Infectious Disease

A disease easily spread from one person to another.

Non-infectious Disease

A disease not easily spread from person to person.

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Impact of pathogens in the body

Pathogens enter, multiply, and disrupt bodily functions leading to damage.

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Pathogen

An organism that causes disease.

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How pathogens adapt to the body

Pathogens adapt to the host's environment, like surviving stomach acid.

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Common disease-causing organisms

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and helminths.

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Innate Immunity

The body's natural defenses against pathogens, present from birth, providing immediate protection.

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Physical Barriers

The first line of defense against pathogens, including skin, mucus membranes, and cilia.

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Physiological Barriers

Internal defenses like stomach acid, saliva, and tears that inhibit microbial growth.

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Cellular Barriers

White blood cells like neutrophils and macrophages that engulf and destroy pathogens.

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Cytokine Barriers

Proteins like interferons released by infected cells to protect neighboring cells from viral infection.

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Acquired Immunity

The body's specific defense against pathogens, developing after exposure to a pathogen, providing long-term protection.

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Primary Immune Response

The body's first encounter with a pathogen, producing a low-intensity response.

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Secondary Immune Response

The body's subsequent encounter with the same pathogen, producing a stronger, faster response due to memory.

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Cell-mediated immunity

A type of immune response where T-lymphocytes directly attack and destroy infected cells or foreign invaders. It's responsible for rejecting organ transplants.

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Graft rejection

The immune system's response to foreign tissue, like an organ transplant, recognizing it as 'non-self' and attacking it.

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Tissue matching

Comparing the compatibility of donor and recipient tissues before transplantation to minimize rejection.

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Active immunity

Immunity developed by the body itself after encountering an antigen, like a pathogen, and producing antibodies.

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Passive immunity

Immunity acquired by receiving ready-made antibodies from another source, like through breastfeeding or placental transfer.

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Colostrum

The first milk produced by mothers after childbirth, rich in antibodies (IgA) that provide passive immunity to the newborn.

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Immunization

The process of artificially inducing immunity by introducing a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen or its antigens.

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Memory of the immune system

The ability of the immune system to 'remember' previously encountered pathogens and mount a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure.

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Vector-borne diseases

Diseases spread through living organisms like mosquitoes, ticks, or flies.

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Malaria

A serious vector-borne disease caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, spread through mosquito bites.

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Public health measures

Actions taken at a community level to prevent disease spread, such as clean water, waste disposal, and vector control.

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Immune system

The body's natural defense against infections, using cells and proteins to fight off invaders.

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AIDS

A fatal disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which weakens the immune system.

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Cancer

A disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth, often leading to tumor formation.

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Amoebiasis Transmission

Amoebiasis is spread through contaminated food or water containing the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Ingesting these contaminated substances allows the parasite to enter the body and cause infection.

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Malaria Transmission

Malaria is transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. This mosquito carries the Plasmodium parasite, which enters the bloodstream and causes the disease.

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Ascariasis Transmission

Ascariasis is contracted by ingesting contaminated food or water containing the Ascaris lumbricoides parasite eggs. These eggs hatch in the intestines, leading to infection.

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Pneumonia Transmission

Pneumonia can be spread through various routes, including airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, direct contact with an infected person, or contaminated objects.

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Water-Borne Disease Prevention

To prevent water-borne diseases, ensure access to clean and safe drinking water, treat water before consumption, maintain proper sanitation and hygiene, and promote awareness of the disease.

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Peer Pressure

Influence from peers to conform to their behavior, potentially leading to unhealthy choices like drug or alcohol use.

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Seeking Help

Reaching out to parents, teachers, friends, or professionals for guidance and support when facing challenges or struggling with substance abuse.

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Danger Signs of Substance Abuse

Observable indicators like changes in behavior, physical appearance, and social interactions that suggest someone may be abusing drugs or alcohol.

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Professional Help

Seeking support from qualified professionals like psychologists, psychiatrists, or addiction specialists for treatment and recovery.

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Counseling for Substance Abuse

Providing guidance and support to individuals struggling with substance abuse to develop coping mechanisms, address underlying issues, and make healthy choices.

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Healthy Pursuits

Engaging in activities that promote well-being and personal growth, such as sports, music, reading, and yoga.

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Importance of Education

Providing information and knowledge about the risks and consequences of substance abuse to prevent it.

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Accepting Setbacks

Learning to view failures and disappointments as part of life, and using them as opportunities for growth and learning.

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Study Notes

Biology in Human Welfare

  • Biology is the youngest of the formalized natural sciences
  • Progress in physics and chemistry has been faster than in biology
  • The utility of biological knowledge in the 21st century is vital for human welfare, in health and agriculture.
  • Discoveries like antibiotics, synthetic drugs, and anesthesia have improved medical practice.
  • Life expectancy of humans has dramatically changed over time.
  • Advances in agriculture, food processing, and diagnostics have brought substantial socio-cultural changes.
  • These changes are briefly described in the following chapters.

Chapter 8: Human Health and Disease

  • Health has historically been viewed as a balance of 'humors' (early Greeks, Indian Ayurveda).
  • The discovery of blood circulation and temperature measurements disproved the pure reflective approach to health.
  • Modern biology recognizes the impact of mind, neural system, and endocrine system on immune responses and overall health.
  • Health is also affected by genetic disorders, infections, and lifestyle choices (diet, exercise, habits).

Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

  • This chapter discusses strategies to improve food production.
  • The chapter doesn't contain specific details about strategies.

Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare

  • Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and helminths can cause human diseases.
  • These disease-causing organisms are called pathogens.
  • Many pathogens cause harm by living within or on the host.
  • Pathogens enter and multiply in the body, interfering with normal bodily functions.
  • The chapter covers common diseases like typhoid, pneumonia, dysentery, and plague caused by bacteria.
  • Viruses like rhino viruses cause the common cold and other viral diseases.
  • Human diseases are also caused by protozoa, like malaria.
  • Pathogens are transmitted through various means, like contaminated food/water.
  • Maintaining personal and public hygiene (waste disposal, water treatment) is key for disease prevention.
  • The use of vaccinations and immunization programs has enabled eradication of some deadly diseases like smallpox.
  • The chapter discusses various preventive measures and treatments for infectious diseases.

8.2 Immunity

  • Innate immunity (present at birth) provides a first line of defence against foreign agents.
  • It includes physical barriers (skin, mucus membranes), physiological barriers (stomach acid), cellular barriers (immune cells), and cytokine (interferon) barriers.
  • Acquired immunity (developed over time) involves lymphocytes (B-cells, T-cells).
  • Antibodies (proteins) produced by B-cells are involved in humoral immunity (response in body fluids).
  • T-cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity.
  • Active immunity develops after exposure or vaccination (antibodies produced by the body itself).
  • Passive immunity involves receiving pre-formed antibodies (from mother's milk, injections).

8.2.4 Vaccination and Immunisation

  • Immunisation involves introducing a preparation of antigenic proteins or weakened pathogens to build up antibodies and immunity.
  • The body develops antibodies through subsequent exposure to the same antigen.
  • Recombinant DNA technology allows for large-scale production of vaccines.

8.2.5 Allergies

  • Allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to common substances (allergens).
  • Symptoms include sneezing, watery eyes, and difficulty breathing.
  • Allergens include dust-mites, pollens, and animal dander.
  • Drugs (antihistamines, adrenaline, steroids) help reduce allergy symptoms.

8.2.6 Auto Immunity

  • The body's immune system occasionally attacks its own cells and tissues (auto-immune diseases).
  • An example mentioned is rheumatoid arthritis

8.3 AIDS

  • AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).
  • HIV is transmitted through specific body fluids.
  • Preventive measures include safe sex practices, preventing blood contact, avoiding sharing of needles, and preventing transmission from mother to child.

8.4 Cancer

  • Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth and division resulting in tumors (masses of cells).
  • Benign tumors remain localized.
  • Malignant tumors can spread (metastasize) to other body parts.
  • Factors contributing to cancer development include carcinogens, viruses, genetics, and lifestyle choices.
  • Various methods are utilized to detect and diagnose cancer (biopsy, imaging techniques, antibody detection).
  • Current treatments for cancer include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

8.5 Drugs and Alcohol Abuse

  • Drug and alcohol abuse is a growing concern, particularly among young people.
  • Drugs, like opioids, cannabinoids, and coca alkaloids have various effects on the body.
  • Some drugs are extracted from flowering plants, while others are synthetically produced.
  • Repeated drug use can lead to addiction (psychological attachment), tolerance (need for higher doses), and dependence (withdrawal syndrome).
  • Drug and alcohol abuse can cause reckless behavior, violence, respiratory failure, and even death.
  • Preventive measures include education, counseling, and support systems to address underlying issues like peer pressure and stress.

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Biology In Human Welfare PDF

Description

This quiz explores Chapter 8 of the Biology in Human Welfare course, focusing on human health and disease. It discusses the evolution of health concepts from ancient beliefs to modern understandings of the immune system and the role of biology in improving health and welfare. Test your knowledge on the significant discoveries and their implications for society.

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