Biology II - Homework 3 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the difference between organic compounds and inorganic compounds?

Inorganic compounds contain carbon atoms bonded together.

Organic compounds do not contain carbon.

Inorganic compounds are derived from living organisms.

Organic compounds contain carbon atoms bonded together. (correct)

What is the difference between monosaccharide and polysaccharide?

Monosaccharide is composed of a single sugar molecule, while polysaccharide is a complex carbohydrate composed of three or more monosaccharides.

What is the difference between condensation reaction and hydrolysis reaction?

A condensation reaction involves two molecules covalently bonded through the loss of a water molecule, while hydrolysis reaction breaks down polymers into monomers by adding water.

What is the difference between starch and glycogen?

Both starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides, but plants store excess glucose as starch, while animals store it as glycogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

A monomer is a smaller molecule that serves as a repeating subunit for polymers, which are long molecules formed by covalent bonds between similar or identical building blocks. Signup and view all the answers

List the four groups of organic compounds.

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Signup and view all the answers

How many valence electrons does a carbon atom have?

4 Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe 'giant molecules'?

Macromolecules Signup and view all the answers

Macromolecules are created and broken down by the addition or removal of a ___________ molecule.

water Signup and view all the answers

By what process are macromolecules formed?

Polymerization Signup and view all the answers

List three types of carbohydrates.

Sugar, starch, cellulose. Signup and view all the answers

What are the monomers that compose carbohydrates?

Glucose molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the storage form of excess glucose in plants?

Starch Signup and view all the answers

What is the storage form of excess glucose in animals?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the stringy, fibrous material that serves as a strengthening tissue in the cell walls of plants?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

List the characteristics of carbon that make it possible to build a large variety of organic compounds.

Carbon has 4 valence electrons, can form four bonds, forms strong and stable bonds, can form chains of almost unlimited size, can form straight chains, branched chains, and ringed molecules, can form single, double, or triple bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between these terms: monomer, polymer, hydrolysis reaction, condensation reaction, and macromolecule.

Monomers are small building blocks that bond during a condensation reaction to form polymers, which are then broken down into monomers by hydrolysis reactions. Macromolecules are large polymers. Signup and view all the answers

What are functional groups?

Clusters of atoms attached to carbon skeletons that give molecules a particular shape and are involved in chemical reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural formula for Hydroxyl?

-OH Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural formula for Carboxyl?

HOOC- Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural formula for Amino?

-NH2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural formula for Phosphate?

-PO4 Signup and view all the answers

What role do functional groups play in the molecules in which they are found?

They provide a particular shape to the molecule which determines function, and they are involved in chemical reactions. Signup and view all the answers

How is a water molecule produced when two monomers undergo a condensation reaction?

One monomer releases a hydroxide ion (OH-) and the other releases a hydrogen ion (H+); these combine to form water. Signup and view all the answers

What elements form carbohydrates, and in what ratio are these elements present?

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O). Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organic vs Inorganic Compounds

Organic compounds are derived from living organisms and contain carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms.
Inorganic compounds do not have carbon atoms bonded in the same manner.

Monosaccharides vs Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides consist of a single sugar molecule.
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of three or more monosaccharides.

Condensation vs Hydrolysis Reactions

Condensation reactions involve the covalent bonding of two molecules with the loss of a water molecule.
Hydrolysis reactions break down polymers into monomers through the addition of water.

Starch vs Glycogen

Starch serves as the storage form of excess glucose in plants.
Glycogen is the storage form of excess glucose in animals.

Monomers vs Polymers

Monomers are the smaller repeating subunits that combine to form larger structures called polymers.
Polymers consist of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

Groups of Organic Compounds

Main groups include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbon Atoms

A carbon atom has four valence electrons.

Macromolecules

Macromolecules refer to large molecules formed from smaller subunits.

Role of Water in Macromolecule Formation

Water plays a crucial role in the formation and breakdown of macromolecules through condensation and hydrolysis reactions.

Polymerization

The process through which macromolecules are formed from smaller monomers.

Types of Carbohydrates

Common types include sugar, starch, and cellulose.

Monomers of Carbohydrates

Glucose molecules are the monomers that make up carbohydrates.

Storage of Glucose

Plants store excess glucose as starch; animals store it as glycogen.

Cellulose

Cellulose is a fibrous material providing structural strength in plant cell walls.

Characteristics of Carbon

Carbon's four valence electrons allow it to form strong, stable bonds, creating a vast variety of organic compounds.
It can form chains that are straight, branched, or ringed and can create various types of bonds (single, double, triple).

Relationship Between Key Terms

Monomers are linked in condensation reactions to form polymers.
Polymers can be separated back into monomers via hydrolysis reactions.
Macromolecules are essentially large polymers.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are clusters of atoms that determine the shape and reactivity of molecules by attaching to carbon skeletons.

Structural Formulas of Functional Groups

Hydroxyl: -OH
Carboxyl: HOOC-
Amino: -NH2
Phosphate: -PO4

Role of Functional Groups

Functional groups confer molecular shape and are integral to chemical reactions.

Formation of Water During Condensation

A water molecule is produced when one monomer donates a hydroxide ion and another a hydrogen ion, which combine to form water.

Composition of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O).

Functions of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates primarily serve as energy sources and structural components in living cells.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards on key concepts in organic and inorganic compounds, as well as carbohydrates like monosaccharides and polysaccharides. Perfect for reinforcing important definitions from Biology II.