COPY: Biology iGCSE Flashcards

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What is adrenaline?

Often very rapid, lasts for a short period.

What is diffusion?

When particles move from a region of higher concentration to a lower concentration as a result of their random movement until equilibrium is met.

Types of neurones include __________.

Motor neurones, Sensory neurones, Relay neurones.

What is osmosis?

Net movement of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a low water potential region through a semi-permeable membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is sensitivity in biological terms?

The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment. Signup and view all the answers

Which factors affect diffusion? (Select all that apply)

Surface area Signup and view all the answers

What is turgidity?

Swelling caused by osmosis, generally in plant cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is plasmolysis?

When the cell's sap vacuole shrinks and becomes flaccid; when the cytoplasm shrinks back from the cell wall. Signup and view all the answers

What are enzymes?

Catalysts that speed up chemical reactions but remain unchanged in the end. They are proteins that function as biological catalysts. Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature affect enzymes?

Temperature increase results in greater kinetic energy; the optimum temperature is when the maximum rate of reaction occurs; past the optimum, enzymes denature. Signup and view all the answers

How does pH affect enzymes?

Varies for different enzymes; can change the shape of the active site and denature it. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are industrial uses of enzymes? (Select all that apply)

Germination of barley seeds Signup and view all the answers

What is the anaerobic formula for muscle?

Glucose > Lactic acid + Energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the aerobic formula for respiration?

Glucose + Oxygen > Energy + Carbon dioxide + Water. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are solutions to coronary heart disease? (Select all that apply)

Angioplasty Signup and view all the answers

What are the elements found in proteins?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen. Signup and view all the answers

What are the elements found in carbohydrates and fats?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What are the elements in nucleic acids?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus. Signup and view all the answers

What is a synapse?

Junction between two neurones. Signup and view all the answers

What is an involuntary action? (Select all that apply)

Automatic Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of a constant internal environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a nerve impulse?

An electrical signal that passes along nerve cells called neurones. Signup and view all the answers

What is deamination?

Removal of amino acids from urea; happens in the liver. Signup and view all the answers

Where does protein digestion happen?

Stomach. Signup and view all the answers

Where does insulin production happen?

Pancreas. Signup and view all the answers

Where is most water reabsorbed?

Jejunum (small intestine). Signup and view all the answers

How do antibodies provide protection from viruses and bacteria?

They attach themselves to the virus or bacteria, stopping division and helping phagocytes engulf the virus or bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What nutrients are absorbed by proteins?

Amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What nutrients are absorbed by carbohydrates?

Glucose. Signup and view all the answers

What nutrients are absorbed by lipase?

Fatty acids and glycerol. Signup and view all the answers

What are effects of adrenaline? (Select all that apply)

Rate of breathing increases Signup and view all the answers

What is respiration?

Release of energy from food substances, occurring in all living cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for respiration?