Biology Grade 10 Workbook
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Questions and Answers

Function of external eye muscle is

  • Protect eye
  • Fix the eyeballs in the orbit
  • Protect from dust (correct)
  • Give firmness

    • Which part of the eye secretes mucus?

  • Conjunctiva (correct)
  • Eye lash
  • Sclera
  • Eye lid

    • The enzyme present in tears is

  • Lysozyme (correct)
  • Tripsin
  • Mesozyme
  • Peptidase

    • What helps us see color?

    <p>Cone cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the odd one

    <p>Eustachian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Label the part marked

    <p>Eustachian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system in our body produces hormones?

    <p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endocrine glands are also known as

    <p>Ductless glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones in the body are transported by

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sleep-wake cycle of the body is regulated by the hormone

    <p>Melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin is produced by

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for the thyroid gland to make thyroxine?

    <p>Iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcitonin is secreted by

    <p>Thyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When production of thyroxine decreases, it leads to

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is called when the normal level of calcium in blood is 9-11 mg/100ml?

    <p>Acromegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does parathormone do to calcium level in blood?

    <p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine gland produces the youth hormone?

    <p>Thymus gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones are responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response?

    <p>Epinephrine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is known as the biological clock?

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone helps in the reabsorption of water in the kidney?

    <p>Vasopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ovaries in females primarily produce:

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Testosterone is secreted by:

    <p>Testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone helps in the ripening of fruits?

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the fall of mature leaves and fruits from plants?

    <p>Abscisic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the autotrophs is incorrect?

    <p>They convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following groups of organisms, food material is broken down outside the body and absorbed?

    <p>Yeast, mushroom, bread mould</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the correct sequence of parts in the human alimentary canal?

    <p>Mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heterotrophs do not synthesise their own food.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is the first to mix with food in the digestive tract?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A reflex action does NOT involve

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Action potential in neurons is generated by a rapid influx of?

    <p>Sodium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the center of hearing located in the brain?

    <p>Medulla Oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Decrease in the production of dopamine causes

    <p>Parkinson's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of layers in meninges is

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the items of column-I with column-II and select the correct option:

    <p>Medulla Oblongata = ii) Controls involuntary actions Thalamus = i) Relay station of impulses Cerebellum = iv) Maintains equilibrium of the body Cerebrum = iii) Centre of thought and intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct statement?

    <p>c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct direction of flow of electrical impulses?

    <p>Unidirectional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Involuntary actions in the body are controlled by

    <p>Medulla in hindbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is myelin sheath produced?

    <p>Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a neuron is in a resting state, the axonal membrane is

    <p>Comparatively more permeable to K+ ions and nearly impermeable to Na+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, Alzheimer's disease is associated with the deficiency of

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following controls reflex action?

    <p>Central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of receptors?

    <p>Hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the projected structures seen on the surface of the tongue called?

    <p>Papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the largest organ in our body?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cluster of photoreceptors in the eye of an insect called?

    <p>Ommatidia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a baby is born with rods but no cones, what condition would you expect the baby to have?

    <p>Colour blind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can short-sightedness in humans be corrected?

    <p>Concave lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the auditory nerve get its input from?

    <p>The sense cells of the cochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following: Choose the correct combination

    <p>P.Hypermetropia = Near-sightedness Q.Myopia = Far-sightedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals has the widest angle of binocular vision?

    <p>Owl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are taste receptors present in?

    <p>Taste buds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the border between the middle and inner ear?

    <p>Oval window</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lens is the eye lens?

    <p>Biconvex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fermentation are true? (Select all that apply)

    <p>(i) and (iv)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lack of oxygen in muscles often leads to cramps among cricketers. This is due to:

    <p>Conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the correct path of urine in our body:

    <p>Kidney → ureters → urinary bladder → urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During deficiency of oxygen in tissues of human beings, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid in the:

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the staple food source for the majority of the world's population?

    <p>Monocotyledonous plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dietary fibers are composed of:

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods may have been digested first in a lunch consisting of boiled green vegetables, cooked meat, boiled egg, and a sugar candy?

    <p>Boiled egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haemodialysis is a treatment option for patients with malfunctions of:

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The senses that evoke responses in organisms are called as

    <p>Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Part of the neuron that receives impulses from adjacent neuron is

    <p>Dendrite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcholine is

    <p>Neurotransmitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensory neurons carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bony covering which protects the brain is known as

    <p>Cranium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the secretion and control of ADH and oxytocin?

    <p>Secreted by the hypothalamus and released through posterior pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a temporary endocrine gland in the human body?

    <p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of hormones are not antagonistic to each other?

    <p>Relaxin – Inhibin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is activated during fight-or-flight reactions?

    <p>The adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults not cause further increase in height?

    <p>Epiphyseal plates close after adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of Parathormone in the human body?

    <p>Increases blood calcium level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is not secreted by the Hypothalamus?

    <p>FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most abundant hormone produced by the anterior pituitary?

    <p>GH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Islets of Langerhans found?

    <p>Endocrine pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements are true?

    <ol> <li>Oxytocin is also called milk ejection or birth hormone, 3) Oestrogen and LH are secreted from gonads and are important in the development of reproductive system</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    How can apical dominance in tea plantations be prevented?

    <p>Removal of tip of shoots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is known as the antagonist to Gibberellins?

    <p>Abscisic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Find the mismatched pair:

    <p>Adrenal cortex - adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which figure appears more accurate and why?

    <p>(A)Due to the action of Auxin in response to light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Cytokinin help in?

    <p>Helps in retention of chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to happen if the anterior pituitary of a four-year-old boy was severely damaged but the boy survived?

    <p>The boy will not grow much in height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neural Control and Coordination

    About the Program

    • STEM GENIUS is a foundation program for JEE, NEET, NTSE, NMMSE, OLYMPIAD, etc.
    • Designed and executed by IITians, NITians, and Doctors
    • The course aims to equip students of 8th, 9th, and 10th grades with a strong foundation in subjects like Science, Mathematics, and Mental ability

    Chapter 1: Neural Control and Coordination

    • The senses that evoke responses in organisms are called receptors
    • Neurons are specialized cells that receive stimuli
    • The basic structural unit of the nervous system is the neuron
    • Dendrites are branches of a neuron that receive impulses from adjacent neurons
    • Axons are long filaments from the cell body of a neuron that transmit impulses
    • Myelin sheath is a lipid-containing membrane that surrounds axons and is formed by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
    • The junction between two neurons or a neuron and a muscle cell or a glandular cell is called a synapse
    • Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that transmits nerve impulses

    Brain Structure

    • The brain has three main parts: Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain
    • The Forebrain is the thinking part of the brain and includes the Cerebrum and Cerebellum
    • The Cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres: Left hemisphere and Right hemisphere
    • The Cerebellum is responsible for maintaining equilibrium and posture
    • The Medulla oblongata is the lowest part of the brain and connects to the Spinal cord
    • The Spinal cord is a long, thin, tube-like structure that extends from the base of the brain down to the lower back

    Reflex Action

    • A reflex action is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus
    • The pathway of impulses in a reflex action is called a reflex arc
    • Reflex actions do not involve the brain integration
    • Cerebral reflexes are reflexes that are under the control of the cerebrum

    Nervous System

    • The Nervous system is divided into two parts: Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
    • The CNS includes the Brain and Spinal cord
    • The PNS includes Sensory nerves and Motor nerves
    • The Autonomic nervous system is a part of the PNS that controls involuntary actions
    • The Autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts: Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous system### Endocrine System
    • Definition: The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and regulate hormones in the body.

    Hormones and Their Functions

    • Hormones are chemical messengers that help regulate various bodily functions.
    • Insulin: produced by the pancreas, regulates blood sugar levels.
    • Glucagon: produced by the pancreas, raises blood sugar levels.
    • Thyroxine (T4): produced by the thyroid gland, regulates metabolism.
    • Parathormone: produced by the parathyroid gland, regulates calcium levels in the blood.
    • Adrenaline (Epinephrine): produced by the adrenal gland, stimulates the "fight or flight" response.
    • Melatonin: produced by the pineal gland, regulates sleep-wake cycles.

    Endocrine Glands

    • Pancreas: produces insulin and glucagon.
    • Thyroid gland: produces thyroxine (T4).
    • Parathyroid gland: produces parathormone.
    • Adrenal gland: produces adrenaline (epinephrine).
    • Pineal gland: produces melatonin.
    • Thymus gland: regulates the development of immune cells.
    • Pituitary gland: regulates hormone production in other endocrine glands.

    Hormone Regulation

    • Feedback mechanisms: hormone levels are regulated through negative feedback loops.
    • Hormone receptors: specific receptors on target cells bind to hormones, triggering a response.

    Disorders and Conditions

    • Diabetes: high blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance.
    • Hypothyroidism: underactive thyroid gland, leading to low thyroxine levels.
    • Hyperthyroidism: overactive thyroid gland, leading to high thyroxine levels.
    • Hyperparathyroidism: overactive parathyroid gland, leading to high calcium levels.
    • Acromegaly: excessive growth hormone production, leading to abnormal growth.

    Pheromones

    • Chemical signals: used for communication between organisms, such as attracting mates.

    Hormones in Plants

    • Ethylene: involved in fruit ripening.
    • Auxin: regulates plant growth and development.
    • Cytokinin: regulates cell division and growth.
    • Abscisic acid: regulates seed dormancy and plant stress responses.

    Other Key Concepts

    • Homeostasis: the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

    • Negative feedback loops: mechanisms that regulate hormone levels and maintain homeostasis.### Endocrine System

    • Movement in plants independent of growth: Tropic movements (e.g., phototropism, chemotropism) and nastic movements (e.g., touch, temperature).

    Plant Hormones

    • Tropisms: Directional growth or movement of plants in response to external stimuli (e.g., light, gravity, chemicals).
    • Auxins: Hormones responsible for phototropism, promoting cell elongation and growth.
    • Gibberellins: Hormones involved in seed germination, stem elongation, and leaf growth.
    • Cytokinins: Hormones that promote cell division, differentiation, and shoot growth.
    • Abscisic acid (ABA): Hormone involved in stress responses, seed dormancy, and stomatal closure.

    Animal Hormones

    • Insulin: Hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells, regulates blood sugar levels.
    • Glucagon: Hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells, raises blood sugar levels.
    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Hormone produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids.
    • Oxytocin: Hormone produced by the hypothalamus, involved in milk letdown, uterine contractions, and social behavior.

    Human Endocrine System

    • Pituitary gland: Located at the base of the brain, regulates other endocrine glands through tropic hormones.
    • Thyroid gland: Produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), regulates metabolism.
    • Adrenal glands: Produce glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol), mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone), and androgens (e.g., testosterone).
    • Pancreas: Produces insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, regulates blood sugar levels.

    Hormone Regulation

    • Hypothalamus-pituitary axis: The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones, which stimulate the pituitary gland to produce tropic hormones.
    • Negative feedback mechanisms: Hormones can inhibit the production of other hormones to maintain homeostasis.

    Plant Growth and Development

    • Etiolation: Elongation of stems and reduced leaf growth in plants grown in low-light conditions.
    • Hydrotropism: Directional growth of plants in response to water.
    • Haptotropism: Directional growth of plants in response to physical contact.

    Other Concepts

    • Pheromones: Chemical substances released by organisms to communicate with others of the same species.
    • Nastic movements: Non-directional responses to external stimuli, such as touch, temperature, or light.
    • Hydrophily: A type of pollination that occurs in aquatic environments, where water is the medium for transferring pollen.

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    Description

    This workbook is a part of the STEM GENIUS program, providing an exclusive foundation for JEE and NEET examinations. It covers the biology syllabus for grade 10 students. Developed by XandY Learning Pvt Ltd, this workbook aims to help students build a strong foundation in biology.

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