Biology for Engineers: Body Fluid Mechanics

Biology for Engineers Course Information

• Course code: 24EN1113
• Semester: I/II Sem
• Credits: 2
• Unit 1: Biomimetics (6 hours)
• Topics covered under Biomimetics: Biology for Engineers, Body Fluid: Blood-Mechanics of heart, Blood pressure, Life molecules, Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids, Bio-processes-engineering analogies

Body Fluid: Blood-Mechanics of Heart

• Class 2 topic
• Focuses on blood and mechanics of the heart

Blood-Mechanical Systems of the Heart

• Biofluid topic
• Covers mechanical systems of the heart

Circulatory System

• A system that transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and blood cells to and from body cells.
• Function: fights diseases, stabilizes body temperature and pH, maintains homeostasis.

Components of the Circulatory System

• Heart
• Blood vessels
• Blood

The Heart: Eternal Pump

• Strongest muscle in the body
• A giant electro-mechanical system
• Weighs 11 ounces (size of a fist)
• Pumps 2,000 gallons of blood per day.
• Beats 100,000 times per day, 2.5 billion times in a lifetime
• Myocardium: Muscular middle layer of the heart

Heart Chambers and Valves

• Diagrams and labels showing different parts of the heart

Blood Vessels

• Three main types: Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
• Arteries: carry blood away from the heart.
• Veins: carry blood back to the heart.
• Capillaries: connect arteries and veins, gas and nutrient exchange occurs here.

Blood

• Body contains approximately 4 to 5 liters of blood, making up about 8% of the body's weight.
• Functions: transports nutrients, oxygen, and hormones, removes metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide, provides immunity through antibodies, maintains body temperature and electrolyte balance and clotting to prevent bleeding.

Blood Cells

• Platelets (Thrombocytes)
  • Form plugs to seal small vessels
  • Start the clotting process
  • Produced in red bone marrow
  • Live about 5 to 9 days
• Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
  • Live for 90 to 120 days
  • Contain hemoglobin (gives red color)
  • Manufactured in red marrow or myeloid tissue
  • Liver and spleen remove dead red blood cells
  • Lose their nucleus at maturity
  • Make up about 99% of blood's cellular component
• White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
  • Remove foreign particles, fight infection, and help prevent disease
  • Larger than red blood cells
  • Types include lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils
• Diagram and description of blood cell formation and types

Hemoglobin

• Complex protein made of four protein strands and iron-rich heme groups
• Each molecule can carry four oxygen atoms
• Prescence of oxygen turns hemoglobin bright red

Plasma

• Pale yellow liquid remaining when blood elements are removed
• 55% of whole blood
• 90% water and 10% proteins
• Contains nutrients, electrolytes, oxygen, enzymes, hormones, and wastes
• Helps fight infection and clotting

Double Circulatory System

• Right side deals with deoxygenated blood (to lungs)
• Left side deals with oxygenated blood (to body)

Types of Circulation

• Pulmonary circulation: short loop from heart to lungs, oxygenates blood
• Systemic circulation: long loop from heart to body, delivers oxygenated blood

Circulation Pathways

• Detailed pathways of blood flow through the heart and circulatory system

"Dual pump" operation

• Atria contract, forcing blood to ventricles
• Ventricles contract, forcing blood to lungs and body
• Cycle ends with heart relaxing

The Heart: Heart Sounds

• One cardiac cycle consists of two sounds (lubb and dubb)
• Lubb: first sound, ventricles contract, tricuspid and bicuspid valves snapping shut
• Dubb: second sound, atria contract, pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut

Cardiac Output

• Volume of blood pumped from each ventricle per minute
• Calculated as stroke volume × heart rate (ml/minute)
• Average heart rate: 70 bpm
• Average stroke volume: 70-80 ml/beat
• Average cardiac output: 5,500 ml/minute

Blood Pressure

• One of the vital signs, along with respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and temperature
• Related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels
• Systolic pressure: pressure when ventricles contract
• Diastolic pressure: pressure when ventricles relax
• Measured using sphygmomanometer, cuff wrapped on arm, and stethoscope to listen to Korotkoff sounds

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

• Long-term medical condition with persistently elevated blood pressure
• Usually asymptomatic
• Complications: cerebrovascular accident (strokes), hypertensive encephalopathy, myocardial infarction, hypertensive cardiomyopathy, heart failure, hypertensive nephropathy, chronic renal failure, elevated blood sugar levels

Diagnosis and Treatment for High Blood Pressure

• Methods for diagnosing hypertension, coronary angioplasty, stenting, CABG procedures

Atheroscerosis

• Narrowing of arteries due to plaque build-up
• Stents can keep arteries open

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)

• Surgical procedure to bypass blocked coronary arteries

This quiz covers key concepts in the mechanics of blood and the heart, specifically tailored for engineers. Topics include the circulatory system and its components, biomechanics of the heart, and the role of blood in body functions. Test your understanding of biofluid dynamics and engineering analogies within biological systems.