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Questions and Answers
What causes the 'lubb' sound in the heart?
What causes the 'lubb' sound in the heart?
What is systolic pressure?
What is systolic pressure?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of hypertension?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of hypertension?
What is the primary function of a stent in medical treatments?
What is the primary function of a stent in medical treatments?
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What happens when the cuff used to measure blood pressure is inflated?
What happens when the cuff used to measure blood pressure is inflated?
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What is the primary function of hemoglobin in the blood?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in the blood?
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What component makes up the majority of plasma in blood?
What component makes up the majority of plasma in blood?
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How does the pulmonary circulation differ from systemic circulation?
How does the pulmonary circulation differ from systemic circulation?
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Which side of the heart handles deoxygenated blood?
Which side of the heart handles deoxygenated blood?
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What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
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Which type of blood cells are primarily responsible for fighting infection?
Which type of blood cells are primarily responsible for fighting infection?
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Which part of the heart is specifically referred to as the myocardium?
Which part of the heart is specifically referred to as the myocardium?
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What initiates systemic circulation in the heart?
What initiates systemic circulation in the heart?
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What is the lifespan of red blood cells in the human body?
What is the lifespan of red blood cells in the human body?
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Which of the following accurately describes the composition of plasma?
Which of the following accurately describes the composition of plasma?
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Which pathway does blood follow in pulmonary circulation?
Which pathway does blood follow in pulmonary circulation?
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What is the role of platelets in the blood?
What is the role of platelets in the blood?
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Which blood vessel type carries blood away from the heart?
Which blood vessel type carries blood away from the heart?
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What component of blood makes up about 99% of its cellular content?
What component of blood makes up about 99% of its cellular content?
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What is the normal volume of blood in an average adult human body?
What is the normal volume of blood in an average adult human body?
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Which of these functions is NOT attributed to blood?
Which of these functions is NOT attributed to blood?
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Study Notes
Biology for Engineers Course Information
- Course code: 24EN1113
- Semester: I/II Sem
- Credits: 2
- Unit 1: Biomimetics (6 hours)
- Topics covered under Biomimetics: Biology for Engineers, Body Fluid: Blood-Mechanics of heart, Blood pressure, Life molecules, Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids, Bio-processes-engineering analogies
Body Fluid: Blood-Mechanics of Heart
- Class 2 topic
- Focuses on blood and mechanics of the heart
Blood-Mechanical Systems of the Heart
- Biofluid topic
- Covers mechanical systems of the heart
Circulatory System
- A system that transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and blood cells to and from body cells.
- Function: fights diseases, stabilizes body temperature and pH, maintains homeostasis.
Components of the Circulatory System
- Heart
- Blood vessels
- Blood
The Heart: Eternal Pump
- Strongest muscle in the body
- A giant electro-mechanical system
- Weighs 11 ounces (size of a fist)
- Pumps 2,000 gallons of blood per day.
- Beats 100,000 times per day, 2.5 billion times in a lifetime
- Myocardium: Muscular middle layer of the heart
Heart Chambers and Valves
- Diagrams and labels showing different parts of the heart
Blood Vessels
- Three main types: Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
- Arteries: carry blood away from the heart.
- Veins: carry blood back to the heart.
- Capillaries: connect arteries and veins, gas and nutrient exchange occurs here.
Blood
- Body contains approximately 4 to 5 liters of blood, making up about 8% of the body's weight.
- Functions: transports nutrients, oxygen, and hormones, removes metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide, provides immunity through antibodies, maintains body temperature and electrolyte balance and clotting to prevent bleeding.
Blood Cells
- Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Form plugs to seal small vessels
- Start the clotting process
- Produced in red bone marrow
- Live about 5 to 9 days
- Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Live for 90 to 120 days
- Contain hemoglobin (gives red color)
- Manufactured in red marrow or myeloid tissue
- Liver and spleen remove dead red blood cells
- Lose their nucleus at maturity
- Make up about 99% of blood's cellular component
- White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Remove foreign particles, fight infection, and help prevent disease
- Larger than red blood cells
- Types include lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils
- Diagram and description of blood cell formation and types
Hemoglobin
- Complex protein made of four protein strands and iron-rich heme groups
- Each molecule can carry four oxygen atoms
- Prescence of oxygen turns hemoglobin bright red
Plasma
- Pale yellow liquid remaining when blood elements are removed
- 55% of whole blood
- 90% water and 10% proteins
- Contains nutrients, electrolytes, oxygen, enzymes, hormones, and wastes
- Helps fight infection and clotting
Double Circulatory System
- Right side deals with deoxygenated blood (to lungs)
- Left side deals with oxygenated blood (to body)
Types of Circulation
- Pulmonary circulation: short loop from heart to lungs, oxygenates blood
- Systemic circulation: long loop from heart to body, delivers oxygenated blood
Circulation Pathways
- Detailed pathways of blood flow through the heart and circulatory system
"Dual pump" operation
- Atria contract, forcing blood to ventricles
- Ventricles contract, forcing blood to lungs and body
- Cycle ends with heart relaxing
The Heart: Heart Sounds
- One cardiac cycle consists of two sounds (lubb and dubb)
- Lubb: first sound, ventricles contract, tricuspid and bicuspid valves snapping shut
- Dubb: second sound, atria contract, pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut
Cardiac Output
- Volume of blood pumped from each ventricle per minute
- Calculated as stroke volume × heart rate (ml/minute)
- Average heart rate: 70 bpm
- Average stroke volume: 70-80 ml/beat
- Average cardiac output: 5,500 ml/minute
Blood Pressure
- One of the vital signs, along with respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and temperature
- Related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels
- Systolic pressure: pressure when ventricles contract
- Diastolic pressure: pressure when ventricles relax
- Measured using sphygmomanometer, cuff wrapped on arm, and stethoscope to listen to Korotkoff sounds
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
- Long-term medical condition with persistently elevated blood pressure
- Usually asymptomatic
- Complications: cerebrovascular accident (strokes), hypertensive encephalopathy, myocardial infarction, hypertensive cardiomyopathy, heart failure, hypertensive nephropathy, chronic renal failure, elevated blood sugar levels
Diagnosis and Treatment for High Blood Pressure
- Methods for diagnosing hypertension, coronary angioplasty, stenting, CABG procedures
Atheroscerosis
- Narrowing of arteries due to plaque build-up
- Stents can keep arteries open
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
- Surgical procedure to bypass blocked coronary arteries
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in the mechanics of blood and the heart, specifically tailored for engineers. Topics include the circulatory system and its components, biomechanics of the heart, and the role of blood in body functions. Test your understanding of biofluid dynamics and engineering analogies within biological systems.
