Questions and Answers
What are the differences between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy?
Autopolyploidy is when an individual has more than two sets of chromosomes all derived from an original species. Allopolyploidy is polyploids derived from different species.
How does adaptation affect speciation?
When a population becomes isolated, they go through natural selection and adapt. Without gene flow, this adaptation leads to speciation.
Explain the differences between no isolation mechanism, complete isolation mechanism, and intermediate isolation mechanism.
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Explain how gene flow influences species diversity.
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Identify the differences between a haploid, diploid, and polyploid and explain how they influence gamete production.
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Clearly define the following terms: homeosis, homoplasy, syngamy, synteny, pseudogene, heterochrony, gene family, horizontal gene transfer, transcription factor, evolution.
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Explain how allopatric populations differ from sympatric ones.
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What three conditions must be met in order for natural selection to occur? Describe and explain each.
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List some of the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction.
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List some of the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction.
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Define what an isolating mechanism is, and provide a few examples.
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Provide a brief explanation of adaptive radiation.
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What are the laws of energy?
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Explain the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
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Name and describe the five agents of evolutionary change.
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What is convergent evolution?
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Explain the difference between active and passive transport.
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What is the difference between genetic drift and gene flow?
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Explain the bottleneck effect.
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Explain how scientists use radioactive decay in fossils.
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Explain the difference between sympatric species and allopatric species.
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What is primary productivity? Give examples.
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Define semipermeable membrane and describe the types of transports that occur within.
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Describe geographic isolation.
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Explain the law of entropy.
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How can an ancestral gene help acquire a new function in an organism?
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Describe the isolating mechanism at work in the divergence of Darwin's finches.
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Define photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, and cellular respiration.
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How can mutation affect an offspring?
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Name and describe four ways speciation can occur.
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If a population was exposed to large amounts of air pollution for multiple generations, what traits would the offspring of the population begin to evolve?
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Study Notes
Autopolyploidy vs. Allopolyploidy
- Autopolyploidy involves an individual with multiple chromosome sets from the same species.
- Allopolyploidy arises from the hybridization of different species, resulting in polyploid individuals.
Adaptation and Speciation
- Isolation of a population initiates natural selection and adaptation.
- Lack of gene flow from other populations culminates in speciation over time.
Isolation Mechanisms
- No isolation mechanism allows gene flow between populations.
- Complete isolation prevents any gene exchange, leading to eventual speciation.
- Intermediate isolation offers partial barriers leading to varied gene flow.
Gene Flow and Species Diversity
- Movement of individuals or gametes introduces new genetic material.
- This genetic exchange enhances biodiversity within populations.
Haploid, Diploid, and Polyploid
- Haploid: one set of chromosomes; found in gametes.
- Diploid: two sets of chromosomes; typical in somatic cells.
- Polyploid: multiple sets of chromosomes; can influence gamete production.
Key Biological Terms
- Homeosis: relocation of a functioning gene to a different position.
- Homoplasy: shared traits among species not derived from a common ancestor.
- Syngamy: fusion of gametes.
- Synteny: conservation of gene order on chromosomes.
- Pseudogene: non-functional gene resembling a functional variant.
- Heterochrony: changes in the timing of development.
- Gene family: related genes from duplication events.
- Horizontal gene transfer: genetic exchange between different species.
- Transcription factor: proteins regulating gene expression.
- Evolution: gradual change in species over generations.
Allopatric vs. Sympatric Populations
- Allopatric populations live in separate environments, preventing gene flow.
- Sympatric populations coexist in the same geographic area.
Conditions for Natural Selection
- Phenotypic variation is essential for favoring advantageous traits.
- Variations must influence reproductive success of offspring.
- Genetic basis is necessary for traits to contribute to evolutionary change.
Asexual Reproduction
- Advantages: rapid increase in offspring, no mate required, survival benefit from large numbers.
- Disadvantages: competition for resources among close offspring, vulnerability to environmental changes.
Sexual Reproduction
- Advantages: increases genetic variation, offspring differ from parents.
- Disadvantages: slower reproduction rate, dependence on finding a mate.
Isolating Mechanism Definition
- Preventative mechanisms hindering species from interbreeding, e.g., ecological, behavioral, temporal, and mechanical isolation.
Adaptive Radiation
- Evolution of diverse species from a common ancestor, adapting to various environments.
Laws of Energy
- First law: energy conservation.
- Second law: entropy in isolated systems tends to increase.
Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
- Autotrophs are primary producers synthesizing organic matter from sunlight.
- Heterotrophs obtain organic matter by consuming other organisms.
Agents of Evolutionary Change
- Mutation alters allele frequencies.
- Gene flow introduces new alleles to populations.
- Nonrandom mating influences genetic similarity in offspring.
- Genetic drift affects allele prevalence, especially in small populations.
- Natural selection favors beneficial inherited traits.
Convergent Evolution
- Unrelated organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to analogous environments.
Active vs. Passive Transport
- Passive transport moves molecules along concentration gradients without energy.
- Active transport requires energy to move substances against concentration gradients.
Genetic Drift vs. Gene Flow
- Genetic drift shifts allele frequencies in small populations.
- Gene flow spreads alleles across different populations, increasing genetic diversity.
Bottleneck Effect
- Genetic drift resulting from a significant reduction in population size, reducing genetic variation.
Radioactive Decay in Fossils
- Radioactive isotopes decay, allowing scientists to determine the age of fossils through isotope ratios.
Sympatric vs. Allopatric Species
- Sympatric species coexist in a shared environment while allopatric species are separated geographically.
Primary Productivity
- Primary productivity mainly occurs through photosynthesis, converting solar energy into organic matter.
Semipermeable Membrane
- A membrane allowing selective passage of molecules via passive or active transport.
Geographic Isolation
- Physical barriers prevent populations from exchanging genetic material, leading to potential speciation.
Law of Entropy
- Entropy within an isolated system continually increases, differing from closed systems, which allow heat exchange.
Ancestral Genes and New Functions
- Duplication of ancestral genes can lead to functional diversification, enabling new characteristics.
Divergence of Darwin's Finches
- Geographic isolation among island populations contributed to adaptive divergence and speciation.
Photosynthesis, Chemosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration
- Photosynthesis: conversion of solar energy into organic matter.
- Chemosynthesis: synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic chemicals.
- Cellular respiration: energy production in the form of ATP with oxygen intake.
Mutation Effects on Offspring
- Mutations can alter DNA sequences, leading to observable phenotypic changes in offspring.
Speciation Mechanisms
- Types of speciation include:
- Behavioral isolation: mating rituals differ.
- Temporal isolation: shifts in reproductive timing.
- Gamete fusion issues: incompatibility prevents successful fertilization.
- Ecological isolation: species exploit different habitats despite geographical proximity.
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Test your knowledge on key concepts in biology with these flashcards focused on speciation and polyploidy. Understand the differences between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy, and explore how adaptation influences the process of speciation.