Biology Finals Review: DNA Sequence

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Questions and Answers

In a series circuit, what happens when one bulb breaks?

The current increases.

The resistance decreases.

The voltage increases.

Everything else stops working. (correct)

What is the unit of measurement for current?

Ohms

Amps (correct)

Watts

Volts

What happens to the resistance in a series circuit when resistors are added?

It decreases.

It increases. (correct)

It becomes zero.

It stays the same.

What is the direction of electron flow?

From positive to negative. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an ammeter?

To measure current. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the voltage in a parallel circuit?

It stays the same across all components. Signup and view all the answers

What is Ohm's Law?

Voltage = Current x Resistance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a cell in a circuit?

To store and transfer energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of reproduction in living organisms?

To ensure continuity of species Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes asexual reproduction?

Produces genetically identical offspring Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the mass of an atom?

In the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What determines the number of electrons and protons in an atom?

Atomic number Signup and view all the answers

How can you find the number of neutrons in an atom?

By subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of electrons in an atom?

In fixed energy levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of elements in the periodic table?

In order of increasing atomic number Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the periodic table?

To arrange elements in order of atomic number Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which pollen is transferred from one flower to another?

Cross-pollination Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the anther in a flower?

To produce pollen Signup and view all the answers

Why is reproduction of cells important?

To ensure life exists beyond its present generation Signup and view all the answers

What is the Cell Theory?

The cell is the basic unit of life Signup and view all the answers

Why do organisms need to reproduce?

To ensure the survival of the species Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the First Foods Ceremony?

To welcome the return of salmon Signup and view all the answers

What is sustainability?

The ability of the environment to endure into the future Signup and view all the answers

Why do cells reproduce?

To replace old cells and repair damaged cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of burning coal in a furnace?

To release thermal energy Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas?

They are non-renewable energy sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of gathering of chemicals in an organism that takes place if the rate of intake exceeds the rate of excretion?

Bioaccumulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the level in a food chain that includes producers?

Trophic level 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the variety of organisms living in a given area?

Biodiversity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for organisms that can make their own food?

Autotrophs Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy between trophic levels in a food chain?

90% of energy is lost Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food?

Food chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA?

To store genetic information Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when DNA makes an exact copy of itself?

DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condensed form of DNA?

Chromatin Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes are found in human cells?

46 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the enzyme helicase in DNA replication?

To unzip the DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of cell division that results in four daughter cells?

Meiosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows and replicates its DNA?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a cell that has two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent?

Diploid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA in an organism?

DNA carries the master set of instructions for how cells function, what they will produce, and when they will die. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when DNA makes an exact copy of itself?

DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condensed form of DNA?

Chromatin Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes are found in human cells?

46 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the enzyme helicase in DNA replication?

Unzipping the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of cell division that results in four daughter cells?

Meiosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows and replicates its DNA?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a cell that has two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent?

Diploid Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reproduction in living organisms, and how does it ensure sustainability?

Reproduction ensures organisms have a source of nutrients and energy to sustain life processes, thus ensuring continuity and sustainability of species. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of reproduction, and how do they differ?

The two types of reproduction are asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction requires one parent and produces genetically identical offspring, while sexual reproduction requires two parents and produces genetically different offspring. Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the mass of an atom, and what particles make up the nucleus?

The mass of an atom is located in the nucleus, which is composed of protons and neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, and how do they relate to energy levels?

Electrons orbit the nucleus at set distances in certain fixed energy levels or shells, with the first shell holding 2 electrons, the second shell holding 8 electrons, and so on. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the periodic table, and how are elements arranged in it?

The periodic table is a chart that organizes elements in order of increasing atomic number, with elements arranged in horizontal rows (periods) and vertical columns (groups). Signup and view all the answers

What determines the number of electrons and protons in an atom, and how do they relate to each other?

The atomic number determines the number of electrons and protons in an atom, and they are equal in number. Signup and view all the answers

How can you find the number of neutrons in an atom, and what does it depend on?

The number of neutrons in an atom can be found by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass, and it depends on the atomic mass and atomic number. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between genetic information and DNA, and how is it passed on?

Genetic information is contained in DNA, and it is passed on from parents to offspring during reproduction. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of fossil fuels mentioned in the text?

Coal, Oil, and Gas Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of gathering of chemicals in an organism that takes place if the rate of intake exceeds the rate of excretion?

Bioaccumulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the level in a food chain that includes producers?

Trophic level 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the variety of organisms living in a given area?

Biodiversity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for organisms that can make their own food?

Autotrophs Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy between trophic levels in a food chain?

90% of energy is lost Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food?

Food chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA in cells?

To carry genetic information Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of reproduction in living organisms?

Ensures that life exists beyond its present generation, Transfers genetic information from parents to offspring Signup and view all the answers

What are the three reasons why an organism's cells reproduce?

Growth, Replace old cells, Repair damaged cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell theory?

The cell is the basic unit of life, All organisms are composed of one or more cells, All cells come from other living cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the anther in a flower?

To produce pollen grains Signup and view all the answers

In a series circuit, what is the main difference between the current and voltage?

The current is the same throughout the circuit, while the voltage is shared between the components. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which pollen is transferred from one flower to another?

Pollination Signup and view all the answers

What is sustainability?

The ability of the environment and living things it supports to endure into the future Signup and view all the answers

How does the addition of resistors affect the current in a parallel circuit?

The current will increase, as the resistance decreases with the addition of more branch points. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of a flower?

Stamen, Petal, Sepal Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?

To measure the voltage between two points in an electrical circuit. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in Ohm's Law?

Voltage is equal to Current multiplied by Resistance (V = I x R). Signup and view all the answers

Why do cells reproduce?

For growth, to replace old cells, and to repair damaged cells Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy contained in coal when it is burned in a furnace?

The thermal energy is released, which is then used to generate electricity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a series and parallel circuit?

A series circuit has only one path for the current to flow, while a parallel circuit has multiple branch points. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of electrons in a circuit?

Electrons flow from the positive terminal to the negative terminal, carrying energy through the circuit. Signup and view all the answers

How does the number of resistors in a series circuit affect the overall resistance?

The overall resistance increases as more resistors are added in series. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biology

DNA Sequence

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is an organism's genetic material that stores genetic information.
DNA determines how an organism looks, functions, and behaves.
The nucleus contains DNA, which is the molecule that carries the master set of instructions for how cells function, what they produce, and when they die.
The phosphate and sugar make up the sides (backbones) of each DNA molecule, while the rungs are made up of four different nitrogen bases (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine) organized in a specific pattern.

DNA Replication

DNA replication is the process of making an exact copy of DNA.
There are four enzymes involved in DNA replication: Helicase, Primease, DNA Polymerase, and Ligase.
Helicase unzips the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases.
Primease helps the DNA Polymerase figure out where to go.
DNA Polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the correct bases on the original DNA strands and connects them.
Ligase connects the lagging strands.

Mitosis

Mitosis is the cell division that produces two identical daughter cells.
Mitosis occurs during asexual reproduction.
Cells divide in order to grow, replace old cells, and repair damaged tissues.
Chromosomes are made up of protein and DNA, and are measured by the number of centromeres.
The stages of mitosis are Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.
During mitosis, the number of chromosomes is reduced from 46 to 23.

Meiosis

Meiosis is the cell division that produces four daughter cells.
The main features of meiosis are:
- Chromosomes are copied.
- Cell divides twice, forming four gametes.
- Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
- Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells.

Ecology

Energy Level

Food chains can be organized into an energy pyramid.
Trophic levels include:
- Producers (Trophic level 1)
- Primary consumers (Trophic level 2)
- Secondary consumers (Trophic level 3)
- Tertiary consumers (Trophic level 4)
90% of energy is lost between trophic levels, and the remaining energy is lost as heat or undigested.

Food Web

A food web is a network of multiple food chains that interact together.
Food webs show more interactions among producers and consumers.
Biodiversity contributes to the sustainability of an ecosystem.

Bioaccumulation

Bioaccumulation is the process of gathering chemicals in an organism if the rate of intake exceeds the rate of excretion.
As the human population grows, more waste is produced.

Physics

Series and Parallel Circuits

A series circuit is a circuit in which current can only flow along one path.
A parallel circuit is a circuit that has at least one branch point where the current splits into two or more pathways.
Current is the flow of electrons, measured in amps (ampere).
Voltage is the difference in electric potential between two points, measured in volts.

Circuits and Components

Components of a circuit include:
- Voltmeter (measures voltage)
- Ammeter (measures current)
- Resistor (opposes the flow of electrons)
- Battery (stores chemical energy)
Ohm's Law states that voltage is equal to current multiplied by resistance.

Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources that are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals.
The three types of fossil fuels are coal, oil, and gas.
Coal is a fossil fuel that is formed from the remains of trees.

Chemistry

Atoms

The atom has a neutral charge.
The mass of an atom is located in the nucleus.
Electrons have no mass and are not located in the nucleus.
The atomic number tells you how many electrons and protons there are in an atom.
The mass number is the number of protons and neutrons added together.

Periodic Table

The periodic table is a table of elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
The horizontal rows are called periods, and the vertical columns are called groups.
Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.

Reproduction

Reproduction is important for the sustainability of living things.
There are two types of reproduction:
- Asexual reproduction (requires only one parent, produces genetically identical offspring)
- Sexual reproduction (requires two parents, produces genetically different offspring)
Both types of reproduction involve the transfer of genetic information from parents to offspring.