Biology Final Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Why did Gregor Mendel use peas in his experiments?

Peas have characteristics that have two forms.

What controls traits and inheritance?

Nucleic acids

What can the scientist conclude from crossing a pea plant with purple flowers and one with white flowers resulting in both flower colors in the F1 generation?

The plants in the P generation were not true-breeding.

Which is the best example of a hypothesis leading to new experimental methods?

Thomas Hunt Morgan continued the genetic research of Gregor Mendel, but Morgan used fruit flies. Signup and view all the answers

Which has the most control of traits and inheritance?

Nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes an understanding of genetics that would be missing without the work of Mendel?

Some alleles are dominant, and some alleles are recessive. Signup and view all the answers

What must a scientist do to examine a genetic disease in humans?

Develop new methods to test the hypothesis. Signup and view all the answers

Nucleic acids offer variability because they contain alternate forms of genes called __________.

alleles Signup and view all the answers

What number should replace the letter x in the 'Seed color' row from Mendel's results?

2,001 Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait. Signup and view all the answers

Why did Gregor Mendel study pea plants?

They reproduce sexually. Signup and view all the answers

What were the most likely genotypes of the parents if the offspring are 100 percent heterozygous for tallness?

TT ´ tt Signup and view all the answers

Which describes the mating of organisms that have different homozygous alleles for a single trait?

Monohybrid cross Signup and view all the answers

Based on the Punnett square, what is the phenotype of the offspring if tallness (H) is dominant to shortness (h)?

Tall Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes an organism that has identical alleles for a trait?

Homozygous Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of offspring that have round seeds and yellow seed color in a dihybrid cross from heterozygous plants?

9:16 Signup and view all the answers

Which is the genotype of the purple sweet pea labeled with its two alleles for petal color?

Homozygous dominant Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that the offspring will have freckles, which is a dominant trait?

75 percent Signup and view all the answers

Why did Gregor Mendel choose to use purebred plants in his experiments?

They exhibit only one form of a trait. Signup and view all the answers

Which genotypes could Mendel have used to represent the cross of two heterozygous plants for purple flower color?

Pp ´ Pp Signup and view all the answers

Which of Mendel's laws explains that traits are passed from parents to offspring individually?

The law of independent assortment Signup and view all the answers

Which statement summarizes the law of segregation?

Gametes carry one allele for each trait. Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

A segment of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity. Signup and view all the answers

Which represents the ratio of offspring when crossing heterozygous parents for having freckles?

Seventy-five percent have freckles. Signup and view all the answers

Evolution by way of natural selection is most likely which type of concept?

A hypothesis that can be accepted as true based on repeated experimentation with similar results. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic makes corn a useful example of the law of independent assortment?

Each kernel of corn on a single ear can inherit a different set of alleles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that the offspring will have wrinkled seeds when crossing plants that are heterozygous for round seeds?

25 percent Signup and view all the answers

Which type of scientific statement is defined as a possible explanation to a scientific question?

Hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What does the notation Rr mean to geneticists?

Heterozygous alleles Signup and view all the answers

What were the flower colors of the offspring when Mendel crossed purebred purple flowering plants with purebred white flowering plants?

100 percent purple Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of offspring will exhibit characteristics of both parents with incomplete dominance of curly hair?

100 percent Signup and view all the answers

Which type of traits vary quantitatively due to interaction of multiple genes?

Polygenic Signup and view all the answers

Which was not a result of the 1898 discovery of the four blood types?

All blood types made compatible with each other Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes confusion in early studies of inheritance patterns for skin color?

The polygenic trait appeared as incomplete dominance. Signup and view all the answers

What alleles will the offspring have if a red cow is crossed with a white cow?

RW Signup and view all the answers

Which is the best explanation of skin pigmentation differences in identical twins?

Skin color, a polygenic trait, is also determined by environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion is supported by the graph demonstrating quantitative variation for skin pigmentation?

The lightest and the darkest skin pigmentations are equally possible. Signup and view all the answers

Skin color, fur color, and height are examples of which inheritance pattern?

Polygenic inheritance Signup and view all the answers

If blood is in short supply, which blood type would be most beneficial for a transfusion?

O- Signup and view all the answers

If you inherit the genotype AO for blood from your parents, what blood type do you have?

A Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is determined by genetics alone?

Blood type Signup and view all the answers

Which is an internal environmental factor that affects heredity?

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about chameleons refers to the expression of a trait most influenced by the environment?

The chameleon has skin that turned brown-red. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes heredity?

Inherited traits are coded for in an individual's DNA. Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is Lisa most likely to inherit from her mother?

Brown eyes Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes an acquired trait?

An acquired trait is developed during one's lifetime. Signup and view all the answers

Which is an inherited trait?

Flavor of an apple from a particular tree Signup and view all the answers

Jaden's immunity to poison ivy is which kind of trait?

Inherited Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes how the environment influences the traits of an individual?

The environment influences the phenotype but not the genotype of the individual. Signup and view all the answers

Which is an acquired trait?

A scar Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mendel's Experiments

Pea plants were chosen by Gregor Mendel for their distinct traits with two forms, simplifying genetic studies.
Purebred plants exhibit only one form of a trait, making them ideal for control in experiments.

Genetic Principles

Nucleic acids, which include DNA, control traits and inheritance, serving as the foundation of genetic information.
Concepts such as dominant and recessive alleles are vital in understanding genetics, highlighting Mendel's contributions.

Inheritance Patterns

A cross between a purple-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant can produce offspring with both traits, demonstrating incomplete dominance.
Mendelian principles include the law of segregation, stating that gametes carry one allele for each trait.

Experimental Techniques

Thomas Hunt Morgan advanced genetic research using fruit flies, illustrating the impact of model organisms in genetic studies.
Scientists often develop new methods to test hypotheses, especially when dealing with complexities like human genetics.

Punnett Squares

Punnett squares predict offspring phenotypes and genotypes based on parent genotypes using ratios, such as 75% for traits like freckles.
The offspring of specific crosses (homozygous vs. heterozygous) show clear probabilities for traits like tallness (100% heterozygous) and seed shapes.

Blood Types and Traits

The discovery of blood types revealed different alleles for blood donation compatibility, emphasizing the importance of blood type O and A.
Skin color is a polygenic trait influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors, complicating inheritance patterns.

Inherited vs. Acquired Traits

Inherited traits, like immunity to poison ivy, are passed down through DNA, while acquired traits, such as scars, are developed during a person's life.
The environment can influence phenotypes without altering genotypes, showing the interaction between genetics and environmental factors.

Genetic Vocabulary

Terms like alleles, homozygous, heterozygous, polygenic traits, and inheritance are core to understanding genetic principles and definitions.
The notion of hypotheses and laws of independent assortment drives scientific inquiry and experimentation in genetics.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in biology with these flashcards. Focused on Gregor Mendel and his experiments with pea plants, this quiz covers essential terms and definitions related to genetics. Perfect for review before the final exam!

Biology Final Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Why did Gregor Mendel use peas in his experiments?

What controls traits and inheritance?

What can the scientist conclude from crossing a pea plant with purple flowers and one with white flowers resulting in both flower colors in the F1 generation?

Which is the best example of a hypothesis leading to new experimental methods?

Which has the most control of traits and inheritance?

Which statement best describes an understanding of genetics that would be missing without the work of Mendel?

What must a scientist do to examine a genetic disease in humans?

Nucleic acids offer variability because they contain alternate forms of genes called __________.

What number should replace the letter x in the 'Seed color' row from Mendel's results?

What is a gene?

Why did Gregor Mendel study pea plants?

What were the most likely genotypes of the parents if the offspring are 100 percent heterozygous for tallness?

Which describes the mating of organisms that have different homozygous alleles for a single trait?

Based on the Punnett square, what is the phenotype of the offspring if tallness (H) is dominant to shortness (h)?

Which term describes an organism that has identical alleles for a trait?

What is the ratio of offspring that have round seeds and yellow seed color in a dihybrid cross from heterozygous plants?

Which is the genotype of the purple sweet pea labeled with its two alleles for petal color?

What is the probability that the offspring will have freckles, which is a dominant trait?

Why did Gregor Mendel choose to use purebred plants in his experiments?

Which genotypes could Mendel have used to represent the cross of two heterozygous plants for purple flower color?

Which of Mendel's laws explains that traits are passed from parents to offspring individually?

Which statement summarizes the law of segregation?

What is a gene?

Which represents the ratio of offspring when crossing heterozygous parents for having freckles?

Evolution by way of natural selection is most likely which type of concept?

Which characteristic makes corn a useful example of the law of independent assortment?

What is the probability that the offspring will have wrinkled seeds when crossing plants that are heterozygous for round seeds?

Which type of scientific statement is defined as a possible explanation to a scientific question?

What does the notation Rr mean to geneticists?

What were the flower colors of the offspring when Mendel crossed purebred purple flowering plants with purebred white flowering plants?

What percentage of offspring will exhibit characteristics of both parents with incomplete dominance of curly hair?

Which type of traits vary quantitatively due to interaction of multiple genes?

Which was not a result of the 1898 discovery of the four blood types?

Which statement best describes confusion in early studies of inheritance patterns for skin color?

What alleles will the offspring have if a red cow is crossed with a white cow?

Which is the best explanation of skin pigmentation differences in identical twins?

What conclusion is supported by the graph demonstrating quantitative variation for skin pigmentation?

Skin color, fur color, and height are examples of which inheritance pattern?

If blood is in short supply, which blood type would be most beneficial for a transfusion?

If you inherit the genotype AO for blood from your parents, what blood type do you have?

Which trait is determined by genetics alone?

Which is an internal environmental factor that affects heredity?

Which statement about chameleons refers to the expression of a trait most influenced by the environment?

Which statement best describes heredity?

Which trait is Lisa most likely to inherit from her mother?

Which best describes an acquired trait?

Which is an inherited trait?

Jaden's immunity to poison ivy is which kind of trait?

Which statement best describes how the environment influences the traits of an individual?

Which is an acquired trait?

Study Notes

Mendel's Experiments

Genetic Principles

Inheritance Patterns

Experimental Techniques

Punnett Squares

Blood Types and Traits

Inherited vs. Acquired Traits

Genetic Vocabulary

Studying That Suits You

Description

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