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Questions and Answers
Atoms react to achieve ______, usually resulting in the release of energy.
Atoms react to achieve ______, usually resulting in the release of energy.
stability
The formation of a compound molecule involves a ______ bond between two or more atoms.
The formation of a compound molecule involves a ______ bond between two or more atoms.
chemical
Breaking a chemical bond requires the ______ of energy.
Breaking a chemical bond requires the ______ of energy.
addition
An ______ bond is formed when a metal atom loses an electron to a non-metal atom.
An ______ bond is formed when a metal atom loses an electron to a non-metal atom.
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Covalent bonds involve the ______ of electrons between non-metal atoms.
Covalent bonds involve the ______ of electrons between non-metal atoms.
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The ______ of a molecule determines whether it is polar or non-polar.
The ______ of a molecule determines whether it is polar or non-polar.
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The ______ is responsible for controlling the cell's activities through the expression of genes.
The ______ is responsible for controlling the cell's activities through the expression of genes.
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Ribosomes are the sites of ______ synthesis.
Ribosomes are the sites of ______ synthesis.
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Water molecules are attracted to other polar molecules due to their ______ properties.
Water molecules are attracted to other polar molecules due to their ______ properties.
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The high surface tension of water is caused by ______ bonds between water molecules.
The high surface tension of water is caused by ______ bonds between water molecules.
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A ______ is a cluster of atoms that consistently demonstrates specific behavior in a molecule.
A ______ is a cluster of atoms that consistently demonstrates specific behavior in a molecule.
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Organic compounds containing an OH group are called ______.
Organic compounds containing an OH group are called ______.
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______ are examples of organic compounds that contain an ester functional group.
______ are examples of organic compounds that contain an ester functional group.
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Organic substances that carry molecules from one enzyme to another are called ______.
Organic substances that carry molecules from one enzyme to another are called ______.
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______ inhibitors attach to a site on the enzyme separate from the active site, causing changes in the enzyme's shape and reducing its affinity for the substrate.
______ inhibitors attach to a site on the enzyme separate from the active site, causing changes in the enzyme's shape and reducing its affinity for the substrate.
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ATP is used in active transport, catabolic reactions, muscle contractions, and ______ transmissions.
ATP is used in active transport, catabolic reactions, muscle contractions, and ______ transmissions.
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The formation of ATP with energy-yielding processes is called ______ phosphorylation.
The formation of ATP with energy-yielding processes is called ______ phosphorylation.
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ATP is generated when protons move back through the membrane via proton 'pumps' in a process called ______ phosphorylation.
ATP is generated when protons move back through the membrane via proton 'pumps' in a process called ______ phosphorylation.
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The process of ______ oxidation occurs within the mitochondrial matrix.
The process of ______ oxidation occurs within the mitochondrial matrix.
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During pyruvate oxidation, one of the three carbons in pyruvate is cleaved off and released as ______.
During pyruvate oxidation, one of the three carbons in pyruvate is cleaved off and released as ______.
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The ______ cycle is a series of reactions that take place in the mitochondrial matrix.
The ______ cycle is a series of reactions that take place in the mitochondrial matrix.
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During lactic acid fermentation, when insufficient $O_2$ is present, NADH transfers H atoms to ______ in the cytoplasm.
During lactic acid fermentation, when insufficient $O_2$ is present, NADH transfers H atoms to ______ in the cytoplasm.
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Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy into ______ energy.
Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy into ______ energy.
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Photosynthesis occurs within organelles called ______.
Photosynthesis occurs within organelles called ______.
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The ______ of a photon determines its energy level.
The ______ of a photon determines its energy level.
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In the thylakoid membrane, ______ are responsible for absorbing light energy.
In the thylakoid membrane, ______ are responsible for absorbing light energy.
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During non-cyclic photophosphorylation, water is split, releasing electrons and ______ as a byproduct.
During non-cyclic photophosphorylation, water is split, releasing electrons and ______ as a byproduct.
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The Calvin cycle, also known as the dark reactions, occurs in the ______ of the chloroplast.
The Calvin cycle, also known as the dark reactions, occurs in the ______ of the chloroplast.
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DNA stands for ______.
DNA stands for ______.
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The body can make ______ amino acids, while there are ______ essential amino acids that must be obtained from food.
The body can make ______ amino acids, while there are ______ essential amino acids that must be obtained from food.
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______ proteins are insoluble and physically strong, examples include keratin found in hair and nails.
______ proteins are insoluble and physically strong, examples include keratin found in hair and nails.
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______ structure of proteins is determined by the sequence of amino acids.
______ structure of proteins is determined by the sequence of amino acids.
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Enzymes and hormones are examples of ______ proteins.
Enzymes and hormones are examples of ______ proteins.
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The phosphate group in DNA is represented as ______.
The phosphate group in DNA is represented as ______.
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In RNA, uracil pairs with ______, replacing thymine found in DNA.
In RNA, uracil pairs with ______, replacing thymine found in DNA.
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The ______ bilayer comprises the fundamental structure of cell membranes, with hydrophilic heads facing outward.
The ______ bilayer comprises the fundamental structure of cell membranes, with hydrophilic heads facing outward.
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Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of ______ concentration to an area of ______ concentration.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of ______ concentration to an area of ______ concentration.
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The acetyl group is produced and becomes associated with a carrier molecule called _____
The acetyl group is produced and becomes associated with a carrier molecule called _____
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During the Krebs Cycle, citrate is converted to _____ after one oxidation and release of $CO_2$.
During the Krebs Cycle, citrate is converted to _____ after one oxidation and release of $CO_2$.
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The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is _____ due to its electronegativity.
The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is _____ due to its electronegativity.
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FADH$_2$ gives _____ protons into the intermembrane space, generating 2 ATP.
FADH$_2$ gives _____ protons into the intermembrane space, generating 2 ATP.
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In anaerobic pathways, if NAD+ is unavailable, H+ can be transferred by _____ fermentation.
In anaerobic pathways, if NAD+ is unavailable, H+ can be transferred by _____ fermentation.
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The process through which sugars are converted to acids, gases, and/or alcohol when NAD+ is not available is called _____
The process through which sugars are converted to acids, gases, and/or alcohol when NAD+ is not available is called _____
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In the Krebs cycle, alpha-ketoglutarate is formed after isocitrate becomes oxidized, releasing one molecule of _____
In the Krebs cycle, alpha-ketoglutarate is formed after isocitrate becomes oxidized, releasing one molecule of _____
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The protons created during chemiosmosis can only return to the mitochondrial matrix by crossing through _____
The protons created during chemiosmosis can only return to the mitochondrial matrix by crossing through _____
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Study Notes
Biology Exam Review - Unit 1: Biochemistry
- Atoms react to achieve stability, usually resulting in the release of energy and a lower energy state.
- Combining atoms forms chemical bonds to create compounds, which include multiple atoms.
- Bond formation releases energy.
- Chemical reactions involve breaking/forming bonds, absorbing or releasing energy.
- Ionic bonds form between metals and non-metals through the transfer of electrons.
- Oxidation involves losing electrons, while reduction involves gaining electrons.
- Covalent bonds form between non-metals through the sharing of electrons.
- Single, double, and triple bonds can occur.
- Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom in another molecule (often oxygen or nitrogen.
- Van der Waals forces are weak attractions between molecules and can be dipole-dipole or London dispersion.
Biology Exam Review - Unit 1: Lesson 2
- Electronegativity increases from left to right and decreases from top to bottom.
- Electronegativity differences determine bonding type.
- Less than 0.5 difference implies covalent bonds
- Between 0.5 and 1.7 difference implies polar covalent bonds
- Greater than 1.7 difference implies ionic bonds.
- Moving electrons against a gradient requires energy (e.g. photosynthesis).
- Electrons moving down a gradient release energy (e.g. cellular respiration)
- Cell membranes are double layers of water-repellent molecules, critical for structure and function.
- Plant cells have walls made of cellulose for support.
- Cell membranes usually contain pores for things to enter and exit.
- Nucleus controls cell function via genetic material.
- Ribosomes make proteins.
Biology Exam Review - Unit 1: Lesson 2 (continued)
- ER is a network of tubules for protein packaging and transport.
- Golgi apparatus modifies proteins.
- Vacuoles store materials (including sugars, amino acids, and wastes).
- Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest materials and old organelles.
- Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration.
- Chloroplasts are found only in plants, the site of photosynthesis
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Description
Prepare for your biology exam with this comprehensive review of unit 1 focusing on biochemistry. This quiz covers topics such as atomic stability, chemical bonds, and various types of interactions, including ionic and covalent bonds. Test your knowledge on how energy is involved in chemical reactions and the significance of electronegativity.
