Biology Exam Review - Unit 1: Biochemistry

A combination of atoms that determines how a molecule interacts with others.

A molecule that contains more than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon backbone.

A molecule with less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon backbone.

When water molecules are attracted to other water molecules.

When water molecules are attracted to other molecules.

Atoms tend to react to achieve a full outermost electron shell, which is a stable configuration. This process usually releases energy, resulting in a lower energy state.

A chemical bond occurs when two or more atoms share or transfer electrons to achieve a more stable configuration.

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons between a metal and a non-metal atom, creating oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between two non-metal atoms.

A measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a covalent bond.

The outer membrane of a cell that regulates the passage of molecules in and out.

Synthesis and packaging of proteins, typically for secretion.

Site of aerobic respiration, producing energy for the cell.

A large molecule made up of amino acids linked together in a chain. They are essential for many biological processes.

The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein chain. It is like the blueprint for the protein's structure.

The 3D arrangement of the polypeptide chain that arises from hydrogen bonding between amino acids. It can be an alpha helix or a beta sheet.

The overall 3D shape of a protein that is determined by interactions between the amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

The structure formed when multiple polypeptide chains, or subunits, come together to form a functional protein.

A large molecule made up of nucleotides. It is essential for storing and transmitting genetic information.

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information in the cell. It determines the traits we inherit.

Ribonucleic acid, a molecule involved in protein synthesis. It helps translate the genetic code into proteins.

Organic substances that act as carriers between enzymes, facilitating reactions.

Inorganic substances required for the function of certain enzymes.

Molecules similar in shape to the substrate, blocking normal substrate binding to the active site.

Molecules that bind to a different site on the enzyme, causing shape changes that reduce substrate affinity.

A receptor site on an enzyme that can bind to activators or inhibitors, regulating enzyme activity.

The direct production of ATP using energy from an exergonic reaction. A less efficient form of ATP production.

ATP generation powered by the movement of protons back across a membrane. This is the main method of ATP production.

The oxidative breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, occurring in the cytoplasm. This is the first stage of cellular respiration.

A key metabolic process that generates energy through a series of reactions.

Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, a 6-carbon molecule. Citrate undergoes a series of reactions, releasing CO2 and generating energy.

NAD+ is reduced to NADH, producing ATP. This oxidation process releases CO2, generating a 5-carbon molecule called α-ketoglutarate.

The process of generating ATP by using the energy from the movement of protons across a membrane.

A process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, where sugars are converted into acids, gases, or alcohol.

A type of fermentation where NADH transfers hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde to form ethanol. This regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis.

A process in which electrons are passed from NADH and FADH2, through a series of proteins, to a final electron acceptor.

A protein complex embedded in the mitochondrial membrane that uses the energy of proton gradient to produce ATP.

The process of converting light energy into chemical energy. During this process, plants use carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

A type of fermentation that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells when oxygen is limited. It involves the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

A type of light energy with a shorter wavelength that carries more energy than light with a longer wavelength.

A type of light energy with a longer wavelength that carries less energy than light with a shorter wavelength.

The process by which light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.

A series of reactions that occur in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts during photosynthesis. This process uses light energy to produce ATP and NADPH, which are used in the Calvin cycle.

A series of reactions that occur in the stroma of chloroplasts. This process uses the energy from ATP and NADPH produced during the light reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. It involves a cycle of chemical reactions.

The process of taking in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and incorporating it into organic molecules, specifically a 5-carbon sugar called RuBP.