Biology: Energy and Photosynthesis Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Oxygen and ATP (correct)

Carbon dioxide and ATP

Glucose and oxygen

Glucose and carbon dioxide

Which component is essential for the light-independent reactions to occur?

Water

Chlorophyll

ATP from light-dependent reactions (correct)

Light energy

What is the primary function of ATP Synthase in cellular processes?

To form glucose from carbon dioxide

To break down glucose into pyruvate

To generate ATP from H+ ions flowing down a gradient (correct)

To capture light energy

Which stage of cellular respiration can occur in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the chloroplast do the light-independent reactions occur?

Stroma Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is ultimately formed as a result of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration?

Presence of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of breaking down water during photosynthesis?

Generating hydrogen and oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

To produce ATP without oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of chlorophyll in plants?

To capture sunlight energy for photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced per cycle of the Citric Acid Cycle?

2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the Law of Conservation of Energy as it relates to photosynthesis?

Energy is cycled and transferred between different forms. Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is ultimately produced at the end of the Electron Transport Chain?

H2O Signup and view all the answers

What type of fermentation occurs in muscle cells during intense exercise?

Lactic acid fermentation Signup and view all the answers

Where do light dependent reactions occur in plant cells?

In the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular process occurs in the stroma of the mitochondria?

Citric Acid Cycle Signup and view all the answers

What role does the bond between the last phosphate group in ATP play?

It releases a significant amount of energy when broken. Signup and view all the answers

Which pigments aid in the absorption of sunlight besides chlorophyll?

Carotenoids and anthocyanins Signup and view all the answers

What is the net gain of ATP molecules from glycolysis?

2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes what happens to light energy during photosynthesis?

It is transformed into chemical energy in the form of ATP and glucose. Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the Electron Transport Chain is incorrect?

ATP production is independent of oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the light independent reactions from the light dependent reactions in photosynthesis?

The light independent reactions do not require sunlight to proceed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of breaking the bond between ADP and a phosphate group?

Energy is released. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Energy Overview

Energy exists in various forms, including thermal, radiant, kinetic, electrical, and chemical.
The Law of Conservation of Energy states energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the cell's energy molecule, composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups.
Breaking the bond between the last two phosphates releases energy, turning ATP into ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate).
Forming the bond between ADP and a phosphate group stores energy, turning ADP back into ATP.

Photosynthesis

Plants and algae use photosynthesis to convert sunlight energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle).

Light Dependent Reactions

Occur in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.
Require sunlight and water.
Produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.
Sunlight energizes chlorophyll, which splits water into oxygen, hydrogen ions (H+), and electrons.
Electrons move through the membrane, generating electrical energy.
Electrical energy powers the movement of H+ across the membrane, creating a concentration gradient.
H+ flow down the gradient through ATP Synthase, producing ATP.

Light Independent Reactions

Occur in the stroma of chloroplasts.
Require ATP and carbon dioxide.
Produce glucose.
ATP from light-dependent reactions is used to bond six carbon dioxide molecules together, forming glucose.

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down food (glucose) into energy (ATP).
All living organisms perform some form of cellular respiration.
Prokaryotes only perform glycolysis; eukaryotes can perform all steps of cellular respiration.

Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and occurs in eukaryotic cells with mitochondria.
Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and occurs in all cells (including prokaryotes).

Glycolysis

Breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules.
Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Anaerobic - occurs regardless of oxygen presence.
Requires glucose and 2 ATP.
Produces 4 ATP (net gain of 2 ATP), 2 pyruvate molecules, and NADH.

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

Breaks down pyruvate further, releasing energy stored in its bonds.
Occurs in the mitochondria.
Aerobic - requires oxygen.
Requires pyruvate.
Produces 2 ATP, 3 CO2 molecules, NADH, and FADH2 per pyruvate molecule (doubled for each glucose molecule).

Electron Transport Chain

Transports electrons through the mitochondria, capturing their energy to produce ATP.
Occurs in the inner membrane (cristae) of mitochondria.
Aerobic - requires oxygen.
Requires oxygen to capture electrons at the end, as well as NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
Produces 32 ATP and water.

Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP

Fermentation

Occurs when oxygen is not available, allowing cells to continue glycolysis by regenerating NAD+.
Two types: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

Alcoholic Fermentation

Produces alcohol and carbon dioxide gas.
Used in making bread, wine, beer, and kombucha.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Produces lactic acid and carbon dioxide gas.
Used in making cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, and kimchi.
Occurs in muscle cells during intense workouts.
Lactic acid buildup can cause muscle soreness.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of energy in biology, including the forms it takes and the Law of Conservation of Energy. This quiz focuses on ATP and its role in energy transformation, as well as the critical processes of photosynthesis, comprising light-dependent and light-independent reactions. Test your knowledge on how plants convert sunlight into stored chemical energy.