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What is the primary source of energy for most communities?
What is the primary source of energy for most communities?
Which of the following correctly describes autotrophs?
Which of the following correctly describes autotrophs?
What does the term 'heterotroph' mean?
What does the term 'heterotroph' mean?
Which components make up ATP?
Which components make up ATP?
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How is energy released from ATP?
How is energy released from ATP?
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Plants perform photosynthesis primarily to:
Plants perform photosynthesis primarily to:
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What is the main role of chemical reactions in cellular energy?
What is the main role of chemical reactions in cellular energy?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of heterotrophs?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of heterotrophs?
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What is the primary function of ATP in cells?
What is the primary function of ATP in cells?
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Which statement accurately describes the difference between ADP and ATP?
Which statement accurately describes the difference between ADP and ATP?
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Where does the process of photosynthesis mainly take place?
Where does the process of photosynthesis mainly take place?
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What is one of the main products of photosynthesis?
What is one of the main products of photosynthesis?
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Which statement about glucose in comparison to ATP is true?
Which statement about glucose in comparison to ATP is true?
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Which element is NOT directly involved as a reactant in the photosynthesis equation?
Which element is NOT directly involved as a reactant in the photosynthesis equation?
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Which discovery is correctly attributed to Joseph Priestly?
Which discovery is correctly attributed to Joseph Priestly?
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What is the main role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
What is the main role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
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What role do chlorophyll molecules play in photosynthesis?
What role do chlorophyll molecules play in photosynthesis?
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What is produced as a result of chemical energy conversion during photosynthesis?
What is produced as a result of chemical energy conversion during photosynthesis?
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Which of the following best describes the visible light spectrum relevant to photosynthesis?
Which of the following best describes the visible light spectrum relevant to photosynthesis?
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In the context of photosynthesis, what happens to wavelengths of light that are not absorbed by plant pigments?
In the context of photosynthesis, what happens to wavelengths of light that are not absorbed by plant pigments?
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What is the primary function of the mesophyll cells in leaves?
What is the primary function of the mesophyll cells in leaves?
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Which of the following correctly describes the process of photosynthesis?
Which of the following correctly describes the process of photosynthesis?
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Which part of the chloroplast is primarily involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Which part of the chloroplast is primarily involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
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What process occurs when chlorophyll absorbs light energy?
What process occurs when chlorophyll absorbs light energy?
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What do photosynthetic bacteria contribute to Earth's early atmosphere?
What do photosynthetic bacteria contribute to Earth's early atmosphere?
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What is the main function of ATP in cells?
What is the main function of ATP in cells?
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Which of the following are reactants in the photosynthesis equation?
Which of the following are reactants in the photosynthesis equation?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing the rate of photosynthesis?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing the rate of photosynthesis?
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Which of the following organisms is considered an autotroph?
Which of the following organisms is considered an autotroph?
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What must happen to NADPH and ATP after they are produced?
What must happen to NADPH and ATP after they are produced?
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Which compound is primarily produced during the light independent reactions?
Which compound is primarily produced during the light independent reactions?
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What role does RuBP play in the Calvin Cycle?
What role does RuBP play in the Calvin Cycle?
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What happens to the ADP and NADP+ after ATP and NADPH are utilized?
What happens to the ADP and NADP+ after ATP and NADPH are utilized?
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Which enzyme is primarily responsible for carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle?
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle?
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What is the fate of the molecule G3P in the Calvin Cycle?
What is the fate of the molecule G3P in the Calvin Cycle?
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In which part of the chloroplast does the Calvin Cycle occur?
In which part of the chloroplast does the Calvin Cycle occur?
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What is a significant characteristic of the sugars produced in photosynthesis?
What is a significant characteristic of the sugars produced in photosynthesis?
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What is the first molecule produced in the Calvin Cycle after carbon fixation?
What is the first molecule produced in the Calvin Cycle after carbon fixation?
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Why can many plants produce more food than they need each day?
Why can many plants produce more food than they need each day?
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Study Notes
Energy and Life
- Energy is the ability to do work
- Without energy, life would not exist
- The sun is the ultimate source of energy
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
- Autotrophs produce food from sunlight, like plants and some other organisms
- Heterotrophs consume other organisms for food, like animals and fungi
Chemical Energy
- Chemical reactions break or form bonds to release energy
- ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) is the compound used by cells to store and release energy
Chemical Energy & ATP
- ATP consists of:
- Adenine
- Ribose (a 5-carbon sugar)
- 3 Phosphate groups
- Releasing stored energy in ATP happens by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphates
- Energy is released when ATP is converted to ADP (Adenosine DiPhosphate)
ADP vs ATP
- ADP has 2 phosphate groups and is like a partially charged battery
- ATP has 3 phosphate groups and is like a fully charged battery
- ATP is exceptionally useful as the basic source of energy for all cells
Using Biochemical Energy
- Cells use ATP to carry out work like active transport, movement, and growth
- ATP is great for transferring energy but not good for storing large amounts of energy long-term
ATP vs Glucose
- ATP is like a coin - useful but bulky and heavy, good for short-term uses
- Glucose is like paper money - worth more and less bulky, plants use it for long-term energy storage
History of Photosynthesis
- 1643 - Jan van Helmont determined plants gain mass from water
- 1771 - Joseph Priestly found plants release oxygen
- 1779 - Jan Ingenhouz found plants need sunlight to produce oxygen
What is Photosynthesis?
- Plants, some protists, and bacteria use solar energy to combine water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates (sugars and starches) and release oxygen
- This process provides food for the organism and releases oxygen into the environment
Photosynthesis Equation
- 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 in the presence of sunlight
- This means: Carbon dioxide + water → sugar + oxygen
Where Does Photosynthesis Take Place?
- In chloroplasts
- Contains chlorophyll pigment that traps sunlight
- Light energy is converted into chemical energy (carbohydrates)
Photosynthesis Occurs in Chloroplasts
- Chloroplasts are concentrated in the mesophyll, the green tissue in the interior of the leaf
- Stomata are tiny pores in the leaf that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit
- Veins in the leaf transport water absorbed by the roots
Photosynthesis is a Redox Process
- Light energy is captured by chlorophyll to boost electron energy
- Light energy is converted to chemical energy
- Chemical energy is stored in the chemical bonds of sugars
Visible Radiation Absorbed by Pigments Drives Light Reactions
- Plant pigments are built into the thylakoid membrane, absorb some wavelengths of light, and reflect or transmit other wavelengths
- The color of the wavelengths that are transmitted is what we see
- Chlorophyll transmits green wavelengths
What are the Reactions of Photosynthesis?
- Light-dependent reactions use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH
- Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) use ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into sugar
Photosynthesis Provides Food for Most Living Organisms
- Most plants make more food than they need and store the excess in roots, tubers, seeds, and fruits
- Plants are the ultimate source of food for most other organisms
Photosynthesis Equation
- 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 in the presence of sunlight
- This means: Carbon dioxide + water → sugar + oxygen
What Effect would Photosynthetic Bacteria Have Had on Earth's Early Atmosphere?
- They would have emitted O2, changing the atmosphere over time
What Affects Photosynthesis?
- Water can slow or stop the reaction, plants have adaptations to prevent water loss
- Temperature affects plants, they go dormant in the winter
- Intensity of light affects photosynthesis, increased light = increased photosynthesis to a point
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of energy in biology, including the roles of autotrophs and heterotrophs in energy production. Understand the significance of ATP and ADP in cellular energy transfer and how life depends on energy transformations. This quiz will challenge your knowledge on these vital biological processes.
