Podcast
Questions and Answers
A cell has just completed DNA replication. In which phase of the cell cycle would this cell currently be?
A cell has just completed DNA replication. In which phase of the cell cycle would this cell currently be?
- G1 phase
- G2 phase (correct)
- S phase
- Prophase
What is the primary purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?
What is the primary purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?
- Eliminating cancerous cells
- Growth and repair of tissues (correct)
- Producing gametes for sexual reproduction
- Creating genetic variation
During which phase of mitosis are sister chromatids separated and pulled towards opposite poles of the cell?
During which phase of mitosis are sister chromatids separated and pulled towards opposite poles of the cell?
- Anaphase (correct)
- Telophase
- Metaphase
- Prophase
A researcher observes a group of cells that are dividing uncontrollably and forming a mass. These cells ignore signals to stop dividing and do not perform their normal functions. What condition are these cells most likely exhibiting?
A researcher observes a group of cells that are dividing uncontrollably and forming a mass. These cells ignore signals to stop dividing and do not perform their normal functions. What condition are these cells most likely exhibiting?
Which of the following factors can contribute to the development of cancer?
Which of the following factors can contribute to the development of cancer?
How does the structure of the small intestine directly facilitate its primary function?
How does the structure of the small intestine directly facilitate its primary function?
A patient has a condition that impairs the function of their diaphragm. Which of the following processes would be most directly affected?
A patient has a condition that impairs the function of their diaphragm. Which of the following processes would be most directly affected?
Which of the following best describes the functional relationship between arteries, veins, and capillaries in the circulatory system?
Which of the following best describes the functional relationship between arteries, veins, and capillaries in the circulatory system?
How does the structure of red blood cells directly support their function?
How does the structure of red blood cells directly support their function?
If a cell is unable to produce lipids, which organelle is most likely malfunctioning?
If a cell is unable to produce lipids, which organelle is most likely malfunctioning?
Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective for increasing the rate of diffusion and nutrient absorption in a cell, based on the surface area-to-volume ratio?
Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective for increasing the rate of diffusion and nutrient absorption in a cell, based on the surface area-to-volume ratio?
A cell with a very low surface area-to-volume ratio would most likely experience difficulty in which of the following?
A cell with a very low surface area-to-volume ratio would most likely experience difficulty in which of the following?
Which of the following cellular changes would most likely cause a cell to decrease in size?
Which of the following cellular changes would most likely cause a cell to decrease in size?
Flashcards
Digestive System
Digestive System
Breaks down food into smaller molecules for absorption and energy.
Small Intestine
Small Intestine
Absorbs nutrients into the blood through villi (tiny finger-like structures).
Esophagus
Esophagus
Moves food from the mouth to the stomach using peristalsis (wave-like muscle contractions).
Gas Exchange
Gas Exchange
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Heart
Heart
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Cell Theory
Cell Theory
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
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Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio (SA:V)
Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio (SA:V)
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Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
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Mitosis
Mitosis
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Phases of Mitosis
Phases of Mitosis
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Cancer
Cancer
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Malignant Tumors
Malignant Tumors
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Study Notes
Digestive System
- Breaks down food for absorption and energy.
- Mouth: Mechanical (chewing) and chemical (saliva) digestion.
- Esophagus: Moves food to the stomach via peristalsis.
- Stomach: Secretes acid and enzymes for food breakdown.
- Small Intestine: Absorbs nutrients through villi.
- Large Intestine: Absorbs water and forms waste.
- Liver: Produces bile for fat breakdown.
- Pancreas: Produces enzymes and regulates blood sugar.
Respiratory System
- Provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
- Nasal Cavity: Filters, warms, and moistens air.
- Trachea: Connects throat to lungs.
- Bronchi & Bronchioles: Air passageways into the lungs.
- Lungs: Contain alveoli for gas exchange.
- Diaphragm: Muscle crucial for breathing.
- Gas Exchange: O₂ enters blood, CO₂ exits to be exhaled.
Circulatory System
- Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste.
- Heart: Pumps blood throughout the body.
- Blood Vessels:
- Arteries: Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.
- Veins: Carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.
- Capillaries: Tiny vessels for gas and nutrient exchange.
- Blood Components:
- Red Blood Cells: Carry oxygen (hemoglobin).
- White Blood Cells: Fight infection.
- Platelets: Help with blood clotting.
- Plasma: Liquid part, carries nutrients and waste.
Cell Structures & Organelles
- Cell Theory: All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells come from pre-existing cells.
- Nucleus: Controls cell activities, contains DNA.
- Mitochondria: "Powerhouse" of the cell, produces energy (ATP).
- Ribosomes: Create proteins.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Smooth ER: Makes lipids, detoxifies.
- Rough ER: Has ribosomes, helps make proteins.
- Golgi Apparatus: Packages and transports proteins.
- Lysosomes: Break down waste.
- Vacuole: Stores water and nutrients.
- Cell Membrane: Controls what enters and exits the cell.
- Cell Wall (plants only): Provides structure and support.
- Chloroplasts (plants only): Perform photosynthesis.
Cell Size (Lab)
- Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio (SA:V): Affects substance movement.
- Smaller cells have higher SA:V ratios allowing for more efficient exchange.
- Larger cells have lower ratios, resulting in slower transport.
- Cells stay small & divide to maximize efficiency.
Cell Cycle
- Definition: Cell growth, DNA replication, and division.
- Interphase (90%):
- G1: Cell growth & normal functions.
- S: DNA replication.
- G2: Cell prepares for division.
- Mitosis (10%): Nucleus divides.
- Cytokinesis: Cell splits into two daughter cells.
Cell Division
- Mitosis: Creates two identical cells for growth/repair.
- Meiosis: Creates four genetically different cells for reproduction.
Mitosis (Asexual Cell Division)
- Purpose: Growth, repair, and maintenance.
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle.
- Anaphase: Chromosomes pulled to opposite sides.
- Telophase: Two nuclei form, chromosomes decondense.
- Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm splits, creating two daughter cells.
Cancer
- Definition: Uncontrolled cell growth due to DNA mutations.
- Development: Mutations cause uncontrolled division, tumors form.
- Tumors:
- Benign: Do not spread.
- Malignant: Spread to other parts (metastasis).
- Causes:
- Genetics: Inherited mutations.
- Environmental Factors: Smoking, UV radiation, chemicals.
- Viruses: Certain viruses cause mutations.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems in this quiz. Explore how these systems work together to maintain the body's functions and sustain life. Perfect for students studying biology or health sciences.
