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Questions and Answers
BI elements are scattered throughout human DNA.
True
Hoogsteen is a type of standard base pair found in triplex DNA, in which a (C,A and U) is bound sideways onto a (G and T).
False
Ribozymes are part of a few enzymes (e.g., telomerase) that enables them to recognize certain short DNA sequences.
True
The genetic code is the code for converting the base sequence in nucleic acids, read in groups of three, into the sequence of a tRNA.
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No tRNA exists that can bind to a stop codon, so the tRNA holding the polypeptide remains in the P site.
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DNA gyrase is an enzyme that introduces negative supercoils into DNA, a member of the type II topoisomerase family.
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Supercoiling is higher-level coiling of DNA that is already a complementary DNA strand.
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Catenanes are circular molecules of DNA that may become interlocked during transcription or recombination.
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The primary transcript is the original RNA molecule obtained by transcription from a DNA template before any processing or modification has occurred.
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The Pribnow box is a region of a bacterial promoter located 10 bases downstream from the start of transcription that is recognized by RNA polymerase.
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Housekeeping genes are switched on all of the time because they are needed for essential life functions.
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An enhancer is a regulatory sequence inside, and often far away from, the promoter region that binds transcription factors.
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The 5'-UTR of an mRNA is the region between the 5' end and the translation start site.
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A constitutive gene often has both its -10 and -35 region promoter sequences very close to consensus and is rarely repressed.
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Supercoiling is a higher level of coiling in DNA that has already undergone complementary base pairing.
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Termination in translation occurs because no tRNA exists that can bind to a stop codon.
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Study Notes
DNA Structure and Function
- BI elements are not scattered throughout human DNA, but are instead blocks of sequence that are often duplicated and can be found in clusters.
- Hoogsteen base pairs are a type of non-standard base pair found in triplex DNA, where a cytosine (C) is bound sideways onto a guanine (G) or a thymine (T) is bound sideways onto an adenine (A).
Ribozymes and Enzymes
- Ribozymes are RNA molecules that can catalyze specific chemical reactions, including recognizing certain short DNA sequences, but they are not part of enzymes.
Genetic Code and Translation
- The genetic code is the set of rules that dictates how the base sequence in nucleic acids is converted into the sequence of amino acids in proteins, but it is not read in groups of three to convert to tRNA.
- During termination, a stop codon is recognized, and a release factor binds to the ribosome, causing the polypeptide to be released, and the tRNA is not holding the polypeptide in the P site.
DNA Topology and Enzymes
- DNA gyrase is an enzyme that introduces negative supercoils into DNA, and it is a member of the type II topoisomerase family.
- Supercoiling is a higher level of coiling of DNA that is already a double-stranded helix, not just a complementary DNA strand.
- Catenanes are circular molecules of DNA that can become interlocked during transcription or recombination.
Gene Regulation and Expression
- An open reading frame is a sequence of bases in DNA or RNA that can be translated into a protein, but it does not have to be translated in theory.
- Constitutive genes often have both their -10 and -35 region promoter sequences very close to consensus, but they are not repressed under rare conditions.
- Enhancers are regulatory sequences that can be located far away from the promoter region and bind transcription factors.
- The 5'-UTR is the region of an mRNA between the 5' end and the translation start site.
- Primary transcript is the original RNA molecule obtained by transcription from a DNA template, before any processing or modification has occurred.
- Housekeeping genes are genes that are constantly expressed because they are needed for essential life functions.
- The Pribnow box is a region of a bacterial promoter 10 bases back from the start of transcription that is recognized by RNA polymerase.
DNA Structure and Function
- BI elements are not scattered throughout human DNA, but are instead blocks of sequence that are often duplicated and can be found in clusters.
- Hoogsteen base pairs are a type of non-standard base pair found in triplex DNA, where a cytosine (C) is bound sideways onto a guanine (G) or a thymine (T) is bound sideways onto an adenine (A).
Ribozymes and Enzymes
- Ribozymes are RNA molecules that can catalyze specific chemical reactions, including recognizing certain short DNA sequences, but they are not part of enzymes.
Genetic Code and Translation
- The genetic code is the set of rules that dictates how the base sequence in nucleic acids is converted into the sequence of amino acids in proteins, but it is not read in groups of three to convert to tRNA.
- During termination, a stop codon is recognized, and a release factor binds to the ribosome, causing the polypeptide to be released, and the tRNA is not holding the polypeptide in the P site.
DNA Topology and Enzymes
- DNA gyrase is an enzyme that introduces negative supercoils into DNA, and it is a member of the type II topoisomerase family.
- Supercoiling is a higher level of coiling of DNA that is already a double-stranded helix, not just a complementary DNA strand.
- Catenanes are circular molecules of DNA that can become interlocked during transcription or recombination.
Gene Regulation and Expression
- An open reading frame is a sequence of bases in DNA or RNA that can be translated into a protein, but it does not have to be translated in theory.
- Constitutive genes often have both their -10 and -35 region promoter sequences very close to consensus, but they are not repressed under rare conditions.
- Enhancers are regulatory sequences that can be located far away from the promoter region and bind transcription factors.
- The 5'-UTR is the region of an mRNA between the 5' end and the translation start site.
- Primary transcript is the original RNA molecule obtained by transcription from a DNA template, before any processing or modification has occurred.
- Housekeeping genes are genes that are constantly expressed because they are needed for essential life functions.
- The Pribnow box is a region of a bacterial promoter 10 bases back from the start of transcription that is recognized by RNA polymerase.
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Description
This quiz tests your knowledge of biology concepts, including DNA, base pairs, and enzymes. Answer all questions to check your understanding of these topics.
