Biology Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which stage of the cell cycle involves the duplication of DNA?

  • Cytokinesis
  • Interphase (correct)
  • Prophase
  • Mitosis

Mitosis results in daughter cells that are genetically different from the parent cell.

False (B)

What are the two main components that make up a chromatid?

Sister chromatids and a centromere

During the ____ phase of the cell cycle, the cell prepares for mitosis.

<p>G2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cell cycle phases with their descriptions:

<p>Interphase = Cell growth and DNA replication Mitosis = Division of the nucleus Cytokinesis = Division of the cytoplasm Prophase = Chromatin condenses into chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a stage of mitosis?

<p>Synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytokinesis differs between animal and plant cells based on the method of cytoplasm division.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA stands for DeoxyriboNucleic ____.

<p>Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used when two equally dominant alleles create a new phenotype that is a blend of the original phenotypes?

<p>Incomplete Dominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The O blood type is more dominant than both A and B blood types.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pedigree used for?

<p>To show a family tree and examine one trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term for a structural change that helps a creature survive is called ______.

<p>Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following traits with their inheritance patterns:

<p>A blood type = Co-dominant B blood type = Co-dominant O blood type = Recessive Colour vision = Sex-linked</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding sex-linked inheritance is true?

<p>Males can express sex-linked traits due to having one X chromosome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adaptation can occur due to environmental factors threatening a population.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'mimicry' refer to in the context of structural adaptation?

<p>A structural change that allows an organism to resemble another species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is unique to Archaea and produces methane as a byproduct?

<p>Methanogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cocci are rod-shaped bacteria.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main shapes of prokaryotes?

<p>Cocci, Bacilli, Spirillum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria typically live in __________ conditions and are classified as mesophiles.

<p>moderate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of extremophile with its characteristic habitat:

<p>Thermophiles = Near deep-sea vents and hot springs Acidophiles = In mine drainage sites and volcanic crater lakes Halophiles = In high salt concentrations like the Dead Sea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of replication used by both bacteria and archaea?

<p>Binary fission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria can survive in extreme conditions indefinitely by forming endospores.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe what conjugation is in bacteria.

<p>It is the process where two bacteria pass genetic material between individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure surrounds the genetic material in a virus?

<p>Capsid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses are considered alive because they can reproduce independently.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell division do eukaryotic cells undergo?

<p>Mitosis and Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lytic cycle results in the death of the ___ cell.

<p>host</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:

<p>Single chromosome = Prokaryotic Presence of membrane-bound organelles = Eukaryotic Usually unicellular = Prokaryotic Genome in nucleus = Eukaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a provirus?

<p>A virus that is integrated into the host's DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All viruses can replicate through both the lytic and lysogenic cycles.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of prokaryotic cells in terms of their genetic material?

<p>Circular DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of genetic drift?

<p>Random changes in allele frequencies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Bottleneck Effect increases genetic diversity within a population.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define speciation.

<p>Speciation is the process by which new species are formed due to environmental changes causing reproductive isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ selection occurs when a selective pressure favors a common phenotype.

<p>Stabilizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of natural selection with their descriptions:

<p>Stabilizing Selection = Favors common phenotypes Directional Selection = Favors uncommon phenotypes Disruptive Selection = Favors extreme phenotypes Sexual Selection = Involves competition and mate choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a prezygotic isolating mechanism?

<p>Temporal barrier preventing mating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sexual dimorphism refers to the differences in phenotype between sexes of the same species.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a behavioral isolating mechanism?

<p>Bird songs and pheromones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of body symmetry can be divided along multiple central axes?

<p>Radial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All invertebrates have a coelom.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of segmentation in animals?

<p>It provides mobility and allows other segments to function if one is damaged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mammals that lay eggs are known as __________.

<p>Monotremes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following groups of vertebrates with their characteristics:

<p>Fish = Evolved into tetrapods and comprises 50% of vertebrates Amphibians = Can live in both water and land environments Reptiles = Have scales and a three-chambered heart Birds = Endothermic with a four-chambered heart and feathers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of mammals develops mostly outside of their mother?

<p>Marsupials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All arthropods have a shell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of an echinoderm.

<p>Starfish or sea urchin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a cell?

The basic unit of all living organisms.

What is genetics?

The study of how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next.

What is cell theory?

Cells are the fundamental units of all living organisms. All cells arise from pre-existing cells, and all living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

What is the cell cycle?

The process by which cells reproduce and grow, involving three stages: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

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What is interphase?

The stage in the cell cycle where the cell grows, duplicates its DNA and organelles, and prepares for division. It has three sub-stages: G1, S, and G2.

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What is mitosis?

The stage in the cell cycle where the nucleus of the parent cell divides into two identical daughter nuclei. It has four sub-stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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What is cytokinesis?

The process by which the cytoplasm of a cell divides into two daughter cells, completing the cell cycle.

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What is DNA?

The molecule that carries all the genetic information in a cell. It is composed of a chain of nucleotides.

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Genetic Drift

A random change in allele frequencies within a population, often due to a drastic reduction in population size.

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Founder Effect

A type of genetic drift where a small group of individuals splits from a larger population, resulting in a reduced genetic diversity.

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Bottleneck Effect

A type of genetic drift where a catastrophic event drastically reduces the population size, resulting in a loss of genetic diversity.

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Natural Selection

A process where favorable traits become more common in a population over generations due to differences in survival and reproduction.

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Codominance

When two equally dominant alleles are present, resulting in a phenotype that expresses both traits. For example, a red and white spotted cow from a red cow and a white cow.

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Stabilizing Selection

A type of natural selection where the intermediate phenotype is favored, leading to a decrease in the frequency of extreme phenotypes.

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Directional Selection

A type of natural selection where one extreme phenotype is favored, leading to a shift in the population towards that phenotype.

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Incomplete Dominance

When two alleles are expressed, creating a new phenotype that is a blend of the two parental phenotypes. For example, a pink flower from a red flower and a white flower.

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Disruptive Selection

A type of natural selection where both extreme phenotypes are favored, leading to a decrease in the frequency of intermediate phenotypes.

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Pedigree

A chart that visualizes a family tree and tracks the inheritance of a specific trait.

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Adaptation

A structural, physiological, or behavioral change that improves an organism's chance of survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

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Sexual Selection

A type of natural selection where individuals compete for mates, often through displays or combat, leading to the evolution of traits that enhance mating success.

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Structural Adaptation

Structural adaptations involve physical changes to an organism's body. Examples include mimicry, where animals evolve to resemble other species for protection.

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Physiological Adaptation

Physiological adaptations involve changes in an organism's internal processes or functions. Examples include hibernation, where animals adapt to survive harsh winters.

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Behavioral Adaptation

Behavioral adaptations involve changes in an organism's behavior. For example, hunting strategies, migration patterns, or mating rituals are all examples of behavioral adaptations.

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Variation

A small change from a mutation in a species, which gradually accumulates over generations and can eventually lead to the development of an adaptation.

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Structural Diversity

Structural differences between organisms, which can be observed at both the microscopic and macroscopic levels.

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Virus

A non-living structure containing DNA or RNA enclosed within a protective protein coat.

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Capsid

The outer protein layer that surrounds the genetic material of a virus.

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Provirus

A virus that has integrated its genetic material into the host cell's DNA.

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Lytic Cycle

A process where a virus replicates within a host cell, eventually killing the host cell and releasing new viruses.

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Lysogenic Cycle

A process where a virus integrates its genetic material into the host cell's DNA and remains dormant.

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Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack internal membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria and Golgi apparatus, and have a single circular chromosome.

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Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that have internal membrane-bound organelles, a nucleus containing multiple linear chromosomes, and a more complex organization.

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Aggregations

Groups or clusters of bacteria or archaea.

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Methanogenesis

Process that creates energy for archaea and produces methane (CH4) as a byproduct.

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Cocci

Round/spherical shaped prokaryotes that can form chains called Streptococcus.

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Bacilli

Rod-shaped prokaryotes that can form chains called Streptobacillus.

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Spirillum

Spiral-shaped prokaryotes, less common than Cocci and Bacilli.

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Extremophiles

Prokaryotes that thrive in extreme conditions such as high temperatures, low pH, or high salt concentrations.

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Conjugation

A process where two bacteria exchange genetic material to survive and spread genes.

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Endospores

A hard protective shell that some bacteria create to survive harsh conditions like high temperatures or radiation.

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Bilateral Symmetry

Animals that can be divided into two mirror-image halves along a central axis.

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Radial Symmetry

Animals that can be divided along many central axes into similar pieces.

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Asymmetry

Animals that have no symmetrical body structure.

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Coelom

An internal body cavity that surrounds and protects the internal organs.

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Segmentation

Animals with a body divided into repeating segments, like rings.

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Vertebrates

Animal groups that possess a notochord (vertebrate column) and a dorsal nerve cord.

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invertebrates

Animals that lack a notochord; they have a wide variety of body forms, and most are invertebrates.

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Placenta

An organ in placental mammals that connects the fetus to the mother's uterus and allows for nutrient exchange.

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Study Notes

Definitions

  • Biodiversity: Wide range of living organisms vital to ecosystem sustainability
  • Taxonomy: Branch of biology naming and classifying organisms
  • Adaptation: Structural, physiological, or behavioral change for survival and reproduction
  • Variation: Small change from a mutation that can lead to adaptation
  • Natural Selection: Process where better-suited organisms thrive and reproduce more
  • Artificial Selection: Selection by humans, impacting which traits are passed
  • Fossil Record: Documentation of organism evolution via fossils
  • Embryology: Study of embryos to find similarities and common ancestors
  • Comparative Anatomy: Comparing structure to identify similarities and common ancestors
  • Homologous: Similar structures, shared ancestry
  • Analogous: Similar function, different ancestry
  • Vestigial: Structure with a past function, but now obsolete
  • Molecular Biology: Study of macromolecules, essential for life
  • Gene Flow: The movement of genes between populations through interbreeding
  • Non-Random Mating: Preference in mate selection leading to more homozygotes in population
  • Speciation: Environmental factors leading to reproductively isolated populations
  • Macroevolution: Significant change in evolution
  • Gradualism: 2 similar species diverge slowly and gradually
  • Punctual Equilibrium: Periods of no change followed by periods of rapid divergence
  • Primordial Soup Theory: Earliest form of life created by natural processes
  • Uniformitarianism: Geological processes occur uniformly over time
  • Catastrophism: Changes in species happen due to disaster/catastrophic events
  • Sexual Dimorphism: Differences between males and females of a species
  • Genetic drift: Random allele frequency changes due to population changes
  • Microevolution: Changes in allele frequency within a population

Cell Cycle

  • Cell: Basic structural unit of life
  • Cell cycle: Interphase(G1, Synthesis, G2), Mitosis(Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase), Cytokinesis
  • Interphase: Cell growth, DNA/organelle duplication. Three stages: G1: Growth , Synthesis: DNA Replication, and G2: More growth
  • Mitosis: produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells
    • Prophase: Chromatin condenses, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers form,
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the cell's equator held by spindle fibers
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate, pulled to opposite poles
    • Telophase:, Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes reform.
    • Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides into two separate cells.

Meiosis

  • Sexual Reproduction: involves 2 parents, results in varied offspring(genetic combinations)
  • Gamete: A cell containing half the genetic material(haploid) needed for reproduction.
  • Zygote: Fusion of a male and female gamete(diploid)
  • Homologous chromosomes: Pair of chromosomes with similar genes(not necessarily the same alleles)
  • Gene: Segment of a chromosome that stores genetic information
  • Allele: Different forms of a gene.

Genetics and Inheritance

  • True-breeding plant: Plant consistently passes on traits to generations
  • Monohybrid cross: Examines the inheritance of a single trait across generations
  • Law of segregation: One gamete carries one allele of each trait.
  • Dominant allele: A trait that is expressed over a recessive one.
  • Recessive allele: A trait that is only expressed when there are two copies.
  • Heterozygous: Two different alleles for a gene
  • Homozygous: Two of the same alleles for a gene.
  • Genotype: Alleles present for a trait

Eukaryotic Evolution and Diversity

  • Endosymbiosis: Process where one cell engulfs another to create a new cell type.
  • Prokayotic: Simple cells without membrane-bound organelles
  • Eukaryotic: More complex cells with membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts)
  • Multicellular organisms: Complex organisms with many cells, often with specialized functions.

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