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Questions and Answers
What was a significant limitation of earlier classification systems for organisms?
What was a significant limitation of earlier classification systems for organisms?
Which characteristic of organisms does not distinguish them in the 5-kingdom classification system?
Which characteristic of organisms does not distinguish them in the 5-kingdom classification system?
Which of the following was a change introduced as a result of new organisms being discovered?
Which of the following was a change introduced as a result of new organisms being discovered?
Which of the following is true concerning prokaryotic organisms?
Which of the following is true concerning prokaryotic organisms?
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What aspect of classification does the 5-kingdom system primarily emphasize?
What aspect of classification does the 5-kingdom system primarily emphasize?
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Which of the following kingdoms include unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus?
Which of the following kingdoms include unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus?
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Which characteristic distinguishes eukaryotic organisms from prokaryotic organisms?
Which characteristic distinguishes eukaryotic organisms from prokaryotic organisms?
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Which of the following correctly classifies Chlamydomonas and Chlorella based on current understanding?
Which of the following correctly classifies Chlamydomonas and Chlorella based on current understanding?
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What type of behavior do heterotrophic organisms exhibit?
What type of behavior do heterotrophic organisms exhibit?
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In the context of bacterial classification, which shape type is NOT properly classified?
In the context of bacterial classification, which shape type is NOT properly classified?
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What component of bacterial cell walls is distinct in some bacteria, contributing to their unique structural properties?
What component of bacterial cell walls is distinct in some bacteria, contributing to their unique structural properties?
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Which condition is most likely to promote algal blooms and increase the colonies of certain bacteria?
Which condition is most likely to promote algal blooms and increase the colonies of certain bacteria?
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What protective structure surrounds some filamentous cyanobacteria and assists them in survival?
What protective structure surrounds some filamentous cyanobacteria and assists them in survival?
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Which type of bacteria is responsible for nitrogen fixation in specialized cells called heterocysts?
Which type of bacteria is responsible for nitrogen fixation in specialized cells called heterocysts?
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Which disease is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani?
Which disease is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani?
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How do chrysophytes primarily reproduce?
How do chrysophytes primarily reproduce?
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What is the main component of the cell wall in diatoms?
What is the main component of the cell wall in diatoms?
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Which of the following accurately describes the habitat of chrysophytes?
Which of the following accurately describes the habitat of chrysophytes?
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Which statement about the movement of desmids is correct?
Which statement about the movement of desmids is correct?
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Which feature distinguishes chrysophytes from other groups like diatoms and desmids?
Which feature distinguishes chrysophytes from other groups like diatoms and desmids?
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Which type of locomotion is characterized by the presence of flagella?
Which type of locomotion is characterized by the presence of flagella?
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What is the primary role of mycorrhiza in the relationship with plant roots?
What is the primary role of mycorrhiza in the relationship with plant roots?
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Which organism is specifically known to cause amoebic dysentery?
Which organism is specifically known to cause amoebic dysentery?
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What happens to slime molds when environmental conditions become unfavorable?
What happens to slime molds when environmental conditions become unfavorable?
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What characteristic differentiates ciliated protozoans from other types of protozoans?
What characteristic differentiates ciliated protozoans from other types of protozoans?
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Which characteristic of dinoflagellates distinguishes them from other unicellular organisms?
Which characteristic of dinoflagellates distinguishes them from other unicellular organisms?
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What primarily causes the red appearance of red tides associated with dinoflagellates?
What primarily causes the red appearance of red tides associated with dinoflagellates?
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Which pigment is responsible for the yellow coloration found in some dinoflagellates?
Which pigment is responsible for the yellow coloration found in some dinoflagellates?
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What is the significance of diatomaceous earth in relation to diatoms?
What is the significance of diatomaceous earth in relation to diatoms?
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What harmful substances are secreted by the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax during red tides?
What harmful substances are secreted by the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax during red tides?
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Study Notes
Classification Systems
- All classification systems include plant and animal kingdoms.
- Classifications are constantly being updated due to changes in criteria.
- Future changes in classification are possible.
- A 6-kingdom or 3-domain system of classification exists.
Kingdoms and Domains
- Monera
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
- Archae (Archaebacteria)
- Bacteria (Eubacteria)
Characteristics of Organisms
- Prokaryotes lack a nucleus.
- Eukaryotes have a nucleus.
- Organisms can be autotrophic (make their own food) or heterotrophic (consume other organisms).
- Plants are autotrophic and use photosynthesis.
- Heterotrophic organisms include animals and fungi.
- Some organisms are parasitic.
- Bacteria can be classified by shape as rod-shaped (Bacillus), round (Coccus) or spiral (Spirillum).
Examples of Organisms
- Amoeba and Paramecium are in the Animal Kingdom.
- Chlamydomonas and Chlorella are in the Plant Kingdom.
Additional Notes
- Protista are now grouped due to their unicellular eukaryotic nature.
- Nitrogen fixation is an important process carried out by some bacteria.
- Some organisms like bacteria have simple characteristics.
Bacterial Structure and Function
- Special Cell Structure: Their cell walls have branched or ether linkages instead of ester linkages.
- Colonial: BGA forms colonies that are surrounded by a gelatinous sheath made of collagen fibers, providing protection.
- Filamentous: They have a gelatinous sheath.
- Antibiotics: Some species of Streptomyces produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and neomycin.
Fixing Nitrogen in Legumes
- Nitrogen fixation takes place in legume roots, such as peas.
- Some bacteria are pathogens and cause diseases in plants and animals.
Tricks (to remember diseases)
- C: Cholera (Vibrio cholerae)
- T: Typhoid (Salmonella typhi)
- T: Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
- C: Citrus Canker (Xanthomonas citri)
Heterotrophic Bacteria
- Cyanobacteria like Anabaena and Nostoc fix nitrogen in specialized cells called heterocysts.
- Heterocysts have a special thickening that prevents oxygen from entering, inhibiting the nitrogenase enzyme.
Mucilagenous Sheath
- The mucilage sheath is made up of glycoproteins and pigments.
Chrysophytes
- Reproduction: They reproduce asexually by fission and sexually by cell fusion.
- Characteristics:
- Diatoms: They have cell walls embedded with silica.
- Desmids: They have cell walls made of cellulose.
- Habitat: They are found in fresh water, stagnant water and marine water.
Dinoflagellates
- Characteristics: They are unicellular and photosynthetic. They float passively in the ocean, have rigid cell walls, and have longitudinal and transverse flagella. They also have different pigments.
-
Pigments:
- Yellow: due to carotenoid
- Green: Chlorophyll
- Brown: xanthophyll
- Blue: cyanine
- Red: Erythrine
- Diatoms: Their silica depositions form diatomaceous earth which is used for polishing and oil/syrup filtration.
- Red Tides: A type of dinoflagellate Gonyaulax can proliferate, causing red tides. Gonyaulax secretes toxins called saxitoxins that can harm or kill marine animals.
Protozoans
- Movement: They can move by pseudopodia (false feet), cilia, or flagella.
- Habitat: Freshwater, marine water, moist soil.
- Nutrition: They can be free-living or parasitic.
- Ciliated: They have a great number of cilia and move actively.
- Flagellated: They have a single flagella for movement. Examples include Trypanosoma which causes African sleeping sickness.
- Sporozoans: They are usually parasitic. Examples include Plasmodium (malarial parasite), P. vivax (common type) , P. falciparum (causes malignant malaria), and P. ovale (common).
- Slime Moulds: Slime molds aggregate and form a plasmodium under favorable conditions. When conditions are unfavorable, they differentiate to fruiting bodies to produce spores.
Fungi
- Cosmopolitan: They are found in various environments.
- Mycorrhiza: Fungi associate with roots of plants, providing nutrients and receiving nourishment.
- Additional Points:
- Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery.
- Protozoa have a gullet for the entry of food and water.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the classification systems of living organisms. This quiz covers the six kingdoms, characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and examples from the plant and animal kingdoms. Discover how organisms are categorized based on their unique traits.