Biology Cilia and Flagella Quiz

Cilia and Flagella

• Cilia are short, hair-like projections that extend from the surface of some cells
• Flagella are long, whip-like projections that extend from the surface of some cells
• Both cilia and flagella are involved in movement, propelling the cell or moving fluids around the cell

Major Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells

• The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing DNA and directing cellular activities
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis, as well as detoxification
• The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles
• Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down cellular waste and debris
• Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, generating energy through cellular respiration
• Peroxisomes are involved in detoxification and other metabolic reactions
• Vacuoles are large, fluid-filled sacs that store water, nutrients, and waste products

Phospholipids

• Phospholipids are the primary building blocks of cell membranes
• They are composed of a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and two hydrophobic (water-hating) tails

Osmosis

• Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration
• The direction of water movement is determined by the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane

Diffusion, Passive Transport, Active Transport, and Bulk Transport

• Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a permeable membrane
• Passive transport is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy; diffusion is a form of passive transport
• Active transport is a type of membrane transport that requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient
• Bulk transport involves the movement of large molecules or particles across a membrane through processes such as endocytosis (taking in) and exocytosis (releasing)

Ultimate Source of Energy

• The ultimate source of energy is the sun

Laws of Thermodynamics

• The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that every energy transformation results in an increase in entropy (disorder) within the universe

Enzymes and Substrates

• Enzymes are biological catalysts (proteins) that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur
• Substrates are the specific molecules that an enzyme acts upon

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

• In oxidation-reduction reactions, electrons are transferred from one molecule to another
• Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

• Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food from inorganic sources, such as sunlight through photosynthesis
• Heterotrophs are organisms that obtain their food by consuming other organisms

Light-Dependent and Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis

• Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
• In this process, light energy is captured by chlorophyll and used to convert water into oxygen and ATP (a form of energy)
• Light-independent reactions (also called the Calvin cycle) occur in the stroma of chloroplasts
• In this process, carbon dioxide is fixed (converted into organic molecules) using ATP and NADPH (electron carrier) from the light-dependent reactions to form glucose

Thylakoid and Stroma

• The thylakoid is a flattened, disc-shaped sac that is found inside chloroplasts
• The stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids in chloroplasts

Photosystems

• Photosystem II captures light energy and uses it to split water molecules, releasing oxygen and electrons
• Photosystem I captures light energy and uses it to energize electrons, which are then used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH

Color Not Absorbed by Green Plants

• Green plants absorb all colors of light except green, which they reflect, giving them their characteristic color

Test your knowledge on cilia and flagella, the crucial structures involved in cell movement. This quiz also covers major organelles found in eukaryotic cells, their functions, and significance in cellular processes. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of cell biology.