Biology Cilia and Flagella Quiz

Cilia are short, hair-like projections that extend from the surface of some cells
Flagella are long, whip-like projections that extend from the surface of some cells
Both cilia and flagella are involved in movement, propelling the cell or moving fluids around the cell

The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing DNA and directing cellular activities
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis, as well as detoxification
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles
Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down cellular waste and debris
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, generating energy through cellular respiration
Peroxisomes are involved in detoxification and other metabolic reactions
Vacuoles are large, fluid-filled sacs that store water, nutrients, and waste products

Phospholipids are the primary building blocks of cell membranes
They are composed of a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and two hydrophobic (water-hating) tails

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration
The direction of water movement is determined by the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a permeable membrane
Passive transport is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy; diffusion is a form of passive transport
Active transport is a type of membrane transport that requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient
Bulk transport involves the movement of large molecules or particles across a membrane through processes such as endocytosis (taking in) and exocytosis (releasing)

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that every energy transformation results in an increase in entropy (disorder) within the universe

Enzymes are biological catalysts (proteins) that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur
Substrates are the specific molecules that an enzyme acts upon

In oxidation-reduction reactions, electrons are transferred from one molecule to another
Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons

Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food from inorganic sources, such as sunlight through photosynthesis
Heterotrophs are organisms that obtain their food by consuming other organisms

Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
In this process, light energy is captured by chlorophyll and used to convert water into oxygen and ATP (a form of energy)
Light-independent reactions (also called the Calvin cycle) occur in the stroma of chloroplasts
In this process, carbon dioxide is fixed (converted into organic molecules) using ATP and NADPH (electron carrier) from the light-dependent reactions to form glucose

Photosystem II captures light energy and uses it to split water molecules, releasing oxygen and electrons
Photosystem I captures light energy and uses it to energize electrons, which are then used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH