Biology Chapters 5-6: Genetics and Microbiology
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Questions and Answers

What is the study of heredity and genes in living organisms?

  • Protozoa
  • Microbiology
  • Genetics (correct)
  • Bacteriology

    • What is the basic unit of heredity?

  • RNA
  • Genes (correct)
  • DNA
  • Proteins

    • What is the process by which the genetic information stored in the DNA sequence is copied into the complementary RNA sequence?

  • Frameshift Mutation
  • DNA Replication
  • Microbiology
  • Transcription (correct)

    • What is the term for tiny living things that are found all around us and are too small to be seen by the naked eye?

    <p>Microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi, and protozoa?

    <p>Microbiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for single-celled organisms?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the DNA molecule is copied into a new DNA molecule?

    <p>DNA Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a type of bacteria shaped like a rod?

    <p>Bacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

    <p>To synthesize proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when genetic information stored in mRNA gets converted into a protein or polypeptide molecule?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of RNA is associated with amino acids and carries one correct amino acid that matches the codon of the mRNA?

    <p>Transfer RNA (tRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bacteria that use photosynthesis?

    <p>Photoautotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Streptococcal Pharyngitis commonly known as?

    <p>Strep Throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce energy?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bacteria that played a vital role in creating the oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for Streptococcal Pharyngitis?

    <p>Airborne Droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of reproduction of bacteria where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells?

    <p>Binary Fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Pertussis?

    <p>Bordetella pertussis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for changes in DNA sequence from harmless mutations?

    <p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Botulism?

    <p>Antitoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complication of Streptococcal Pharyngitis?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Diphtheria?

    <p>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for Pertussis?

    <p>Airborne Droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Vibrio cholerae?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Salmonella Typhi?

    <p>An acid-resistant bacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevention for Bacterial Meningitis?

    <p>Pneumococcal vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of syphilis?

    <p>Treponema pallidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of syphilis?

    <p>Chancre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cycle where phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome?

    <p>Lysogenic Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein necessary for viral entry and exit during an infection?

    <p>Both Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by a coronavirus that represents a newly emerging viral disease?

    <p>SARS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the drug that blocks the replication of coronavirus?

    <p>Remdesivir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of gonorrhea?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the symptom of syphilis that occurs in the tertiary stage?

    <p>Gumma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the Tobacco mosaic virus?

    <p>Helical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiviral drug is used to treat Herpes simplex virus?

    <p>Acyclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the rash that is usually red and itchy, caused by the fungal disease Ringworm?

    <p>Circular rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fine threads that make up multicellular filamentous molds?

    <p>Hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the viral disease that affects nervous tissue and can lead to permanent paralysis and muscle atrophy?

    <p>Polio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the network of threads of hyphae?

    <p>Mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technical name for fungal nail infections?

    <p>Onychomychosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fungi grow by producing mycelium below the ground?

    <p>Macroscopic Filamentous Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genetics

    • Genetics is the study of heredity and genes of living organisms, focusing on the structure, function, and actions of genes to explain heredity patterns.
    • Genes are the basic unit of heredity and involve DNA.
    • DNA contains the information for producing proteins.
    • DNA Replication is a basic and important process happening in all living cells of an organism, starting at the DNA molecule known as the replication origin.
    • Transcription is the process by which the genetic information stored in the DNA sequence is copied into the complementary RNA sequence.

    Transcription

    • Initiation is the binding of an enzyme to a region of DNA called a promoter.
    • Elongation is the process where RNA polymerase travels along DNA to make the chain longer.
    • Termination happens when RNA polymerase arrives at a terminator sequence.

    RNA

    • Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the blueprint for the production or synthesis of proteins.
    • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the primary component of the ribosome.
    • Transfer RNA (tRNA) is associated with amino acids and carries one correct amino acid that matches the codon of the mRNA.

    Translation

    • Initiation is the connection of a small ribosomal subunit to mRNA close to its start codon.
    • Elongation is the process where the ribosome progresses along the mRNA and reads its codons to give the amino acid sequence for the protein.
    • Termination occurs when it reaches a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) on the mRNA sequence.

    Microbiology

    • Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi, and protozoa.
    • Microbes are tiny living things that are found all around us and are too small to be seen by the naked eye.

    Bacteria

    • Bacteria are single-celled organisms.
    • Types of bacteria include:
      • Spherical (cocci)
      • Rod-shaped (bacilli)
      • Spiral (spirilla)
      • Streptococcus Group (responsible for strep throat)
      • Heterotrophic Bacteria (get their energy through consuming organic carbon)
      • Autotrophic Bacteria (make their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis)
      • Photoautotrophs (bacteria that use photosynthesis)
      • Cyanobacteria (played a vital role in creating the oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere)
      • Chemoautotrophs (bacteria that use chemosynthesis)

    Bacterial Diseases

    • Binary Fission is the reproduction of bacteria where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
    • Mutation is a change in DNA sequence from harmless to damaging.
    • Airborne Bacterial Diseases include:
      • Streptococcal Diseases (Streptococcal Pharyngitis)
      • Diphtheria
      • Pertussis (whooping cough)
      • Bacterial Meningitis
      • Syphilis
      • Gonorrhea
    • Foodborne and Waterborne Bacterial Diseases include:
      • Botulism
      • Salmonella Typhi
      • Vibrio cholerae
      • E. coli

    Viral Diseases

    • Viral Replication and Its Control involves:
      • Attachment of the virus to a target cell
      • Lysogenic Cycle (phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome)
      • Lytic Cycle (phage DNA and proteins are synthesized inside the host cells and endolysin damages the cell wall, causing the cell to die)
    • Viral Diseases of Humans include:
      • Influenza
      • SARS
      • Measles
      • Mumps
      • Polio
      • Viral Diseases affecting people living with HIV/AIDS

    Fungi

    • Fungi are single-celled or very complex multicellular organisms.
    • Multicellular Filamentous Molds are made up of very fine threads (hyphae).
    • Mycelium is a network of threads of hyphae.
    • Macroscopic Filamentous Fungi form large fruiting bodies, referred to as mushrooms.
    • Fungal Diseases on Humans include:
      • Fungal Nail Infections (Onychomychosis)
      • Ringworm

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    Explore the fundamentals of genetics and microbiology, including frameshift mutations, genes, and heredity patterns.

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