Questions and Answers
What is the study of heredity and genes in living organisms?
What is the basic unit of heredity?
What is the process by which the genetic information stored in the DNA sequence is copied into the complementary RNA sequence?
What is the term for tiny living things that are found all around us and are too small to be seen by the naked eye?
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What is the term for the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi, and protozoa?
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What is the term for single-celled organisms?
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What is the process by which the DNA molecule is copied into a new DNA molecule?
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What is the term for a type of bacteria shaped like a rod?
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What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
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What is the process called when genetic information stored in mRNA gets converted into a protein or polypeptide molecule?
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What type of RNA is associated with amino acids and carries one correct amino acid that matches the codon of the mRNA?
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What is the term for the bacteria that use photosynthesis?
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What is Streptococcal Pharyngitis commonly known as?
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What is the term for the process of using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce energy?
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What is the term for the bacteria that played a vital role in creating the oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere?
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What is the mode of transmission for Streptococcal Pharyngitis?
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What is the term for the process of reproduction of bacteria where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells?
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What is the cause of Pertussis?
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What is the term for changes in DNA sequence from harmless mutations?
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What is the treatment for Botulism?
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What is the complication of Streptococcal Pharyngitis?
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What is the cause of Diphtheria?
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What is the mode of transmission for Pertussis?
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What is the treatment for Vibrio cholerae?
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What is the cause of Salmonella Typhi?
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What is the prevention for Bacterial Meningitis?
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What is the cause of syphilis?
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What is the primary symptom of syphilis?
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What is the name of the cycle where phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome?
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What is the name of the protein necessary for viral entry and exit during an infection?
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What is the name of the disease caused by a coronavirus that represents a newly emerging viral disease?
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What is the name of the drug that blocks the replication of coronavirus?
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What is the cause of gonorrhea?
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What is the name of the symptom of syphilis that occurs in the tertiary stage?
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What is the shape of the Tobacco mosaic virus?
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Which antiviral drug is used to treat Herpes simplex virus?
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What is the name of the rash that is usually red and itchy, caused by the fungal disease Ringworm?
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What is the term for the fine threads that make up multicellular filamentous molds?
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What is the name of the viral disease that affects nervous tissue and can lead to permanent paralysis and muscle atrophy?
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What is the term for the network of threads of hyphae?
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What is the technical name for fungal nail infections?
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What type of fungi grow by producing mycelium below the ground?
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Study Notes
Genetics
- Genetics is the study of heredity and genes of living organisms, focusing on the structure, function, and actions of genes to explain heredity patterns.
- Genes are the basic unit of heredity and involve DNA.
- DNA contains the information for producing proteins.
- DNA Replication is a basic and important process happening in all living cells of an organism, starting at the DNA molecule known as the replication origin.
- Transcription is the process by which the genetic information stored in the DNA sequence is copied into the complementary RNA sequence.
Transcription
- Initiation is the binding of an enzyme to a region of DNA called a promoter.
- Elongation is the process where RNA polymerase travels along DNA to make the chain longer.
- Termination happens when RNA polymerase arrives at a terminator sequence.
RNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the blueprint for the production or synthesis of proteins.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the primary component of the ribosome.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) is associated with amino acids and carries one correct amino acid that matches the codon of the mRNA.
Translation
- Initiation is the connection of a small ribosomal subunit to mRNA close to its start codon.
- Elongation is the process where the ribosome progresses along the mRNA and reads its codons to give the amino acid sequence for the protein.
- Termination occurs when it reaches a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) on the mRNA sequence.
Microbiology
- Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi, and protozoa.
- Microbes are tiny living things that are found all around us and are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Bacteria
- Bacteria are single-celled organisms.
- Types of bacteria include:
- Spherical (cocci)
- Rod-shaped (bacilli)
- Spiral (spirilla)
- Streptococcus Group (responsible for strep throat)
- Heterotrophic Bacteria (get their energy through consuming organic carbon)
- Autotrophic Bacteria (make their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis)
- Photoautotrophs (bacteria that use photosynthesis)
- Cyanobacteria (played a vital role in creating the oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere)
- Chemoautotrophs (bacteria that use chemosynthesis)
Bacterial Diseases
- Binary Fission is the reproduction of bacteria where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
- Mutation is a change in DNA sequence from harmless to damaging.
- Airborne Bacterial Diseases include:
- Streptococcal Diseases (Streptococcal Pharyngitis)
- Diphtheria
- Pertussis (whooping cough)
- Bacterial Meningitis
- Syphilis
- Gonorrhea
- Foodborne and Waterborne Bacterial Diseases include:
- Botulism
- Salmonella Typhi
- Vibrio cholerae
- E. coli
Viral Diseases
- Viral Replication and Its Control involves:
- Attachment of the virus to a target cell
- Lysogenic Cycle (phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome)
- Lytic Cycle (phage DNA and proteins are synthesized inside the host cells and endolysin damages the cell wall, causing the cell to die)
- Viral Diseases of Humans include:
- Influenza
- SARS
- Measles
- Mumps
- Polio
- Viral Diseases affecting people living with HIV/AIDS
Fungi
- Fungi are single-celled or very complex multicellular organisms.
- Multicellular Filamentous Molds are made up of very fine threads (hyphae).
- Mycelium is a network of threads of hyphae.
- Macroscopic Filamentous Fungi form large fruiting bodies, referred to as mushrooms.
- Fungal Diseases on Humans include:
- Fungal Nail Infections (Onychomychosis)
- Ringworm
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of genetics and microbiology, including frameshift mutations, genes, and heredity patterns.
