Biology Chapter: Types of Cells

The substance that gets dissolved.

The substance that dissolves the solute.

A mixture of solvent and solute after they combine.

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

A solution with the same concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

The movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration.

The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane.

The movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane against the concentration gradient, requiring energy.

A protein embedded in the cell membrane that facilitates the movement of molecules across it.

The process of producing offspring from one parent, resulting in genetically identical offspring.

The process of producing offspring by the fusion of sex cells from two parents. Offspring inherit half their genetic information from each parent.

The part of the microscope that holds the slide in place.

The part of the microscope that magnifies the image and focuses light into your eye.

The part of the microscope that gathers light and magnifies the image.

The phase in the cell cycle where cells grow, duplicate, and prepare to divide.

This phase is divided into three parts: G1, S, and G2. During G1, cells grow. In S, DNA is replicated. G2 prepares the cell for mitosis.

The stage of the cell cycle where the cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.

The process of finding the actual size of a specimen under a microscope.

The process of dividing the cytoplasm of a cell into two daughter cells, following the completion of mitosis.

The phase of mitosis where chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form.

The phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell, attached to spindle fibers.

The phase of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell.

The phase of mitosis where chromosomes decondense, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the cell begins to divide.

The process of a body part growing back after being lost or damaged.

A cell that has the potential to specialize into any type of cell in the body, excluding the placenta.

The process where an unspecialized stem cell develops into a specialized cell with a specific function.

A stem cell that has the potential to develop into any type of cell in the body, including the placenta.

Cells that can become any type of cell in the body, including specialized cells like those found in organs.

Cells that can become many types of cells, but are limited to a specific tissue type. For example, blood stem cells can only become different types of blood cells.

Plant stem cells, found in the growing tips of roots and stems, as well as in the layer of cambium. These cells constantly produce new cells for growth.

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function. Examples include muscle tissue or nerve tissue.

An organized group of tissues working together to perform a specific function.

The outer protective layer of skin made of epithelial tissue. It prevents dehydration, friction, bacteria, and virus entry, and helps produce vitamin D.

The inner layer of skin made of connective, nervous, and muscle tissues. It provides structure and support.

Tissue that allows movement of the body. It contains specialized proteins that can contract and relax.

Tissue that transmits sensory information and allows for communication within the body.

Tissue that provides structure, support, and insulation. It holds tissues together and helps maintain form.

The diaphragm contracts, moving downward and the ribcage expands, increasing lung volume and decreasing pressure, causing air to enter the lungs.

The diaphragm relaxes, moving upward and the ribcage contracts, decreasing lung volume and increasing pressure, causing air to leave the lungs.

The process by which substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

The process of taking in nutrients through the mouth.

The process of breaking down complex food molecules into smaller components using physical and chemical methods.

The process of absorbing digested nutrients into the cells of the digestive tract.

The process of removing waste materials from the body.

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach, using rhythmic contractions to move food.

A muscular organ that contracts and relaxes, breaking down food through enzymes and hydrochloric acid. A protective mucus layer prevents damage to its lining.

The primary site for digestion, where enzymes break down food. Small projections called villi increase surface area for absorption of nutrients.

Specialized cells in the epidermis of leaves that control the opening and closing of stomata, regulating gas exchange and water loss.

A type of vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the upper parts of the plant, essential for photosynthesis.

A type of vascular tissue that transports sugars produced during photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plant for growth and energy.

The most abundant type of plant tissue responsible for various functions like food storage and photosynthesis, forming the bulk of the plant.

A type of plant tissue responsible for growth and development by producing new cells that can specialize into various tissues.

The process in which the respiratory system takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide through breathing.

Tiny air sacs in the lungs responsible for gas exchange, providing a large surface area for efficient diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A dome-shaped muscle that contracts during inhalation and relaxes during exhalation, playing a vital role in breathing.

Muscles located between the ribs that help expand the chest cavity during inhalation, aiding in breathing.

A flap of cartilage located at the top of the trachea that prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing.

The windpipe, a tube that carries air from the nose and mouth to the lungs.

The two main branches of the trachea that carry air to each lung.

Smaller branches of the bronchi that further divide within the lungs, conducting air to the alveoli.

Specialized cells lining the trachea and bronchi that produce mucus, which traps bacteria and dirt, and have cilia, which sweep the mucus out of the airways.

The process of inhaling air into the lungs.

The process of exhaling air out of the lungs.

A dense network of blood vessels surrounding each alveolus that facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and the blood.

The pair of organs responsible for respiration, providing a surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The process of the body maintaining a stable internal environment, despite external changes.

The process of cells undergoing programmed death, removing unnecessary or damaged cells.

The process of cell division, resulting in an increase in the number of cells, crucial for growth and repair.

The ability of cells to maintain a stable internal environment, despite external fluctuations in conditions.

The process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy for cellular processes.

The process of building complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy for growth and repair.

The building blocks of all living things, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes phosphorus and sulfur.

Molecules that do not contain carbon, typically found in non-living things.

The study of the structure, function, and interactions of biological molecules.

The process by which cells take in nutrients from the environment and convert them into usable forms.

The process by which cells expel waste products and toxins from their internal environment.

The process by which cells regulate their internal temperature to maintain optimal biological functions.

The process by which cells maintain a constant internal environment., despite external changes.

The process by which cells obtain energy to carry out their vital functions.

The process by which cells synthesize new molecules, required for growth, repair, and other functions.

The process by which cells respond to external stimuli, such as changes in temperature, light, or chemicals.

The process by which cells move and change shape, allowing for movement, growth, and division.

The process by which cells interact with each other and their environment, forming tissues and organs.

The process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment, despite changes in external conditions.

The study of how organisms function, including their structures, systems, and processes.

The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.

The study of the diversity of life on Earth, classifying organisms into different groups.