Biology Chapter: Transport Mechanisms

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary energy source utilized in active transport mechanisms?

  • FADH2
  • ATP (correct)
  • NADH
  • Glucose

Which statement accurately describes a concentration gradient?

  • It is unaffected by changes in temperature.
  • It signifies the difference in concentration across a space. (correct)
  • It drives the movement of molecules from low to high concentration.
  • It represents equal distribution of molecules throughout a space.

How do phagocytosis and pinocytosis differ?

  • Phagocytosis involves liquid intake, while pinocytosis involves solid particles.
  • Both processes involve the same mechanism of transport.
  • Phagocytosis engulfs large particles, whereas pinocytosis engulfs small particles and fluids. (correct)
  • Phagocytosis is carried out by all cells, while pinocytosis is limited to specific cells.

What effect does a hypertonic solution have on a cell?

<p>Water leaves the cell, leading to shrinkage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of osmosis in cellular processes?

<p>It maintains cell volume and nutrient uptake. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental difference exists between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles unlike eukaryotic cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do ribosomes play in a cell?

<p>They translate genetic codes into proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the endosymbiont theory propose?

<p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living prokaryotic cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Modification and packaging of proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily involved in cell division?

<p>Microtubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the uptake of large particles by a cell?

<p>Phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of eukaryotic cells?

<p>Containment of a nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

<p>The cell bursts due to water influx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

<p>Synthesis of proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of junction is responsible for direct communication between neighboring cells?

<p>Gap junctions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of glycosylation in protein processing?

<p>Adds carbohydrates to proteins for identification and signaling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do integrins play in cellular function?

<p>They facilitate cell-ECM adhesion and signaling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines action potential in neurons?

<p>An electrical signal traveling along a neuron's membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

<p>A complex network of proteins and carbohydrates providing support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

<p>Protein and lipid synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do microfilaments contribute to cell function?

<p>They facilitate muscle contraction and cell motility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell?

<p>Eukaryotic cells possess membrane-bound organelles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Passive Transport

Moving molecules across a membrane without using energy. Think of water flowing downhill.

Concentration Gradient

The difference in concentration of a substance across a membrane.

Phagocytosis

Engulfing large particles like bacteria. Think of a cell 'eating'.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a high water concentration to a low water concentration.

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Prokaryotic Cells

Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Think of bacteria.

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Protein Synthesis

The process where ribosomes use messenger RNA (mRNA) to build proteins.

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Endosymbiont Theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by larger cells.

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Golgi Apparatus

It modifies and packages proteins made by ribosomes. Think of it as the cell's post office.

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Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

The selectively permeable barrier surrounding a cell, regulating the passage of substances in and out.

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Endocytosis

The process by which cells internalize substances from their external environment.

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Exocytosis

The process by which cells release substances to the external environment.

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Facilitated diffusion

A type of passive transport that uses transport proteins to move molecules across the membrane.

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Tonicity

The relative concentration of solutes in solutions, affecting cell volume and shape.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to the cell, leading to water influx and potential cell bursting.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to the cell, causing the cell to lose water and shrink.

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Isotonic Solution

A solution with equal solute concentration to the cell, resulting in no net movement of water.

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Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant cells and some protists, responsible for photosynthesis.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranes in eukaryotic cells involved in protein and lipid synthesis, folding, and modification.

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Study Notes

Active vs. Passive Transport

  • Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP). Example: sodium-potassium pump.
  • Passive transport moves molecules along their concentration gradient, without energy input. Example: oxygen diffusion across cell membranes.

Concentration Gradient & Diffusion

  • A concentration gradient is the difference in concentration of a substance across a space.
  • This difference drives diffusion, which is the natural movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

Phagocytosis vs. Pinocytosis

  • Phagocytosis ("cell eating") involves engulfing large particles, like bacteria by white blood cells.
  • Pinocytosis ("cell drinking") involves taking in small particles and fluids, such as nutrient absorption by intestinal cells.

Hypertonic Solution Effects

  • A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell.
  • This causes water to leave the cell through osmosis, leading to cell shrinkage (crenation).

Osmosis

  • Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.
  • It is crucial for maintaining cell volume, nutrient uptake, and waste removal.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

  • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles , and are generally larger and more complex.

Ribosomes

  • Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis.
  • They translate genetic code from mRNA into amino acid sequences to build proteins.

Endosymbiont Theory

  • The endosymbiont theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.
  • Supporting evidence includes their double membranes, unique circular DNA, and ribosomes similar to prokaryotes.

Golgi Apparatus

  • The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids received from the endoplasmic reticulum.
  • It adds carbohydrates to proteins (glycosylation), and sorts them for transport to other organelles or secretion outside the cell.

Cytoskeleton Components

  • The cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments (actin filaments) responsible for muscle contraction and cell motility.
  • Intermediate filaments provide structural support and maintain cell shape.
  • Microtubules are involved in cell division and intracellular transport.

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