Biology Chapter: RNA and Protein Synthesis
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Questions and Answers

Which RNA type is primarily involved in carrying amino acids during protein synthesis?

  • messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
  • transfer RNA (tRNA) (correct)

    • Transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

    True

    What indicates the termination of protein synthesis?

    A stop codon

    In eukaryotes, mRNA is processed and transported to the __________.

    <p>cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Transcription = DNA to mRNA synthesis Translation = mRNA to protein synthesis Termination = Process of ending protein synthesis Mutation = Change in genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors can cause mutations?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A point mutation is a change involving multiple nucleotides.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main steps involved in gene expression?

    <p>Transcription and translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during DNA replication?

    <p>Two identical double helices are formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A DNA strand consists of only phosphate groups and nitrogen bases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sequences are complementary in DNA base pairing?

    <p>A-T, G-C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step of translation?

    <p>Initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transcription of RNA occurs in the ______ of the cell.

    <p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of elongation in translation does not require energy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the process with its description:

    <p>Transcription = Formation of mRNA from DNA Translation = Synthesis of proteins from mRNA PCR = Amplification of DNA segments DNA Replication = Copying of DNA into identical strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNAs during translation?

    <p>tRNAs bring amino acids to ribosomes according to the codon sequence in mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA during translation?

    <p>To carry amino acids to the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The start codon in mRNA is ____.

    <p>AUG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, the DNA helix unwinds and unzips.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one effect of a mutation on protein function.

    <p>It can cause a change in amino acid sequence that produces a protein that does not function properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the step of translation with its description:

    <p>Initiation = Assembly of ribosomal subunits with mRNA and tRNA Elongation = Addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain Termination = Release of the newly formed protein from the ribosome Polyribosome = Multiple ribosomes translating one mRNA simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is necessary for peptide bond formation during elongation?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During termination, energy is required to disassemble the components of translation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA strands during replication.

    <p>DNA helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>To seal the gene and vector DNAs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cancer cells are genetically stable and do not have mutations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of gene cloning?

    <p>To study gene functions, produce proteins, create transgenic organisms, and cure diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, __________ are formed because DNA Polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of a strand.

    <p>Okazaki fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following enzymes with their functions in DNA replication:

    <p>DNA helicase = Unzips the double helix DNA polymerase = Adds new nucleotides to the strand DNA ligase = Seals gaps between Okazaki fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a product of recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs in cancer cells that enables them to metastasize?

    <p>They can survive and proliferate in new tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mRNA codon A-U-C codes for the amino acid isoleucine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complementary base sequence of the DNA codon T-A-G?

    <p>A-T-C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tRNA anticodon UUU signals to the ribosome to bring glutamine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amino acid associated with the tRNA anticodon GAG?

    <p>Glutamic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bonds that hold amino acids together in a protein are called _______.

    <p>peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following DNA sequences with their corresponding mRNA codons:

    <p>TAG = AUC AAA = UUU GTC = CAG AAG = UUC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if the last three bases in the DNA sequence TACTTCAAACCG were changed to ATC?

    <p>The protein would be incomplete and non-functional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are three hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine in DNA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many nucleotides on the mRNA sequence code for a polypeptide chain with 10 amino acids?

    <p>30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many peptide bonds are required for a protein that is 9 amino acids long?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA replication is a process that is entirely conservative.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for unzipping the DNA during replication?

    <p>DNA helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

    <p>messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the DNA replication enzymes with their functions:

    <p>DNA helicase = Unzips the DNA double helix DNA polymerase = Adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand DNA ligase = Joins Okasaki fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the genetic code?

    <p>It is universal across all living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mutations in DNA can only lead to genetic disorders through environmental mutagens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a genetic disorder that can result from mutations in DNA.

    <p>Sickle cell anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gene Expression Overview

    • During transcription, DNA's base sequence is copied into mRNA.
    • During translation, tRNAs bring amino acids, ordered by mRNA codons, to ribosomes.
    • Ribosomes move along mRNA, linking amino acids to form proteins.
    • Multiple ribosomes can translate an mRNA simultaneously (polyribosome).

    Translation Steps

    • Initiation: Ribosome assembly with mRNA, initiator tRNA (methionine), and start codon (AUG)
    • Elongation: Repeated steps of tRNA-amino acid binding at the A site, peptide bond formation, ribosome movement, and empty tRNA release from E site
    • Termination: Stop codon on mRNA, release factor binding, protein release, ribosome disassembly

    DNA Replication

    • DNA polymerase catalyzes new nucleotide addition via complementary base pairing.
    • Replication is different for each strand (leading vs. lagging).
    • Leading strand synthesis follows helicase; lagging strand synthesizes in Okazaki fragments.
      • DNA ligase connects Okazaki fragments and seals breaks.
    • DNA helicase separates DNA strands by breaking H-bonds.

    mRNA Processing (Eukaryotes)

    • Primary mRNA is processed before leaving the nucleus.
    • Introns (non-coding regions) are removed.
    • Exons (coding regions) are joined.
    • A cap and poly-A tail are added.

    Transfer RNA (tRNA)

    • tRNA molecules bring amino acids to ribosomes.
    • tRNA has a specific anticodon complementary to an mRNA codon.
    • One end attaches to the amino acid.

    Nonfunctional Proteins

    • Frameshift mutations (insertions/deletions) cause changes to codons, making the protein nonfunctional, e.g. THE CAT ATE THE RAT -> THE ATA TET HER AT
    • Mutations in pathways can affect the entire cellular process.

    Mutations and Cancer

    • Cancer development involves accumulating mutations.
    • Cancer starts as benign growths of abnormal cells.
    • Mutations can cause cells to invade lymphatic and blood vessels, leading to metastases.

    Gene Cloning

    • Restriction enzymes cleave DNA for gene isolation and insertion into vectors, often plasmids.
    • DNA ligase seals the gene and vector DNA.
    • Host cell takes up the recombinant plasmid, initiating gene cloning.

    Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

    • PCR creates many copies of a DNA segment in a test tube.
    • Steps: denaturation, annealing, extension.
    • Each cycle doubles the DNA amount.
    • PCR is used for DNA analysis and individual identification (e.g., STR profiling).

    Genetic Code

    • Code is universal and degenerate (multiple codons for one amino acid).
    • mRNA codons are triplets.
    • Codons specify amino acids.

    Causes of Mutations

    • Replication errors are rare (1 mistake per billion nucleotide pairs).
    • Mutagens (radiation, chemicals) cause mutations.
    • Transposons move within/between chromosomes; altering gene expression.

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    Related Documents

    Gene Expression & DNA Replication Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of RNA types and their roles in protein synthesis. This quiz covers key concepts such as transcription, translation, and mutations. Brush up on gene expression, RNA processing, and the intricacies of DNA replication.

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