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Questions and Answers
The frog exhibits external _________ and external development.
The frog exhibits external _________ and external development.
fertilization
Mammals, including humans, exhibit internal fertilization and internal _________.
Mammals, including humans, exhibit internal fertilization and internal _________.
development
The _________ egg is formed when the haploid sperm and haploid egg unite.
The _________ egg is formed when the haploid sperm and haploid egg unite.
fertilized
An advantage of sexual reproduction is that it produces varied _________, which helps species survive in changing environments.
An advantage of sexual reproduction is that it produces varied _________, which helps species survive in changing environments.
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Some offspring may have characteristics that provide them better _________ chances against threats like diseases.
Some offspring may have characteristics that provide them better _________ chances against threats like diseases.
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Reproduction is how life continues on Earth. Without it, plants, animals, and even ______ would not exist.
Reproduction is how life continues on Earth. Without it, plants, animals, and even ______ would not exist.
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Sexual reproduction involves two parents: the male that produces ______ cells and the female that produces the egg cell or ovum.
Sexual reproduction involves two parents: the male that produces ______ cells and the female that produces the egg cell or ovum.
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The male gametes are ______ cells, while the female gametes are egg cells.
The male gametes are ______ cells, while the female gametes are egg cells.
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Each parent contributes half of the genetic material (DNA) to make the ______.
Each parent contributes half of the genetic material (DNA) to make the ______.
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In humans, the sperm is comparatively smaller and equipped with a ______.
In humans, the sperm is comparatively smaller and equipped with a ______.
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The female gamete is called an ______.
The female gamete is called an ______.
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Males have two testes, which are contained in a bag of skin called the ______.
Males have two testes, which are contained in a bag of skin called the ______.
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Sexual reproduction is explained as a process that involves the union of sex cells or ______.
Sexual reproduction is explained as a process that involves the union of sex cells or ______.
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Asexual reproduction does not involve the union of ______.
Asexual reproduction does not involve the union of ______.
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The offspring produced asexually are genetically similar or exact copies of the parent, also known as a ______.
The offspring produced asexually are genetically similar or exact copies of the parent, also known as a ______.
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Binary fission is the simplest form of asexual reproduction, commonly found in ______.
Binary fission is the simplest form of asexual reproduction, commonly found in ______.
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Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth called a ______.
Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth called a ______.
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In fragmentation, new organisms develop from pieces or ______ of the parent organism.
In fragmentation, new organisms develop from pieces or ______ of the parent organism.
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Asexual reproduction is the primary method seen in organisms such as bacteria and ______.
Asexual reproduction is the primary method seen in organisms such as bacteria and ______.
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Asexual processes involve offspring that are ______ of the parent organism.
Asexual processes involve offspring that are ______ of the parent organism.
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Buds form when the environmental ______ is sufficient for growth.
Buds form when the environmental ______ is sufficient for growth.
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The sperm cell contains a nucleus that is ______, meaning it contains 23 chromosomes.
The sperm cell contains a nucleus that is ______, meaning it contains 23 chromosomes.
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The ______ contains enzymes to help penetrate the egg during fertilization.
The ______ contains enzymes to help penetrate the egg during fertilization.
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Egg cells are present in the ovaries from ______.
Egg cells are present in the ovaries from ______.
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The zona pellucida protects the egg cell and only allows one sperm to ______ through.
The zona pellucida protects the egg cell and only allows one sperm to ______ through.
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Fertilization is considered the defining process in ______ reproduction.
Fertilization is considered the defining process in ______ reproduction.
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External fertilization requires a ______ environment to prevent gametes from drying out.
External fertilization requires a ______ environment to prevent gametes from drying out.
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The process of simultaneously releasing gametes is called ______.
The process of simultaneously releasing gametes is called ______.
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The zygote develops outside the mother’s womb, enclosed in a structure called an ______.
The zygote develops outside the mother’s womb, enclosed in a structure called an ______.
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The ability to replace any lost or missing part of the body is called ______.
The ability to replace any lost or missing part of the body is called ______.
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Spore formation involves the formation of many spores located in a special structure called ______.
Spore formation involves the formation of many spores located in a special structure called ______.
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Fungi like mushrooms and molds reproduce through the process of ______.
Fungi like mushrooms and molds reproduce through the process of ______.
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Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction common in ______.
Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction common in ______.
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Runners are long stems that grow above the ground from the parent ______.
Runners are long stems that grow above the ground from the parent ______.
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A short underground stem with fleshy leaves is known as a ______.
A short underground stem with fleshy leaves is known as a ______.
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The swollen underground stems that store food for plants are called ______.
The swollen underground stems that store food for plants are called ______.
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The new plants that emerge by vegetative propagation are exact ______ of the original plants.
The new plants that emerge by vegetative propagation are exact ______ of the original plants.
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Study Notes
Reproduction
- Reproduction is the process by which living things create offspring.
- There are two types of reproduction: sexual and asexual.
- Sexual reproduction involves two parents, with each contributing half of the genetic material (DNA).
- Asexual reproduction involves only one parent.
- Examples: Humans = sexual, bacteria = asexual.
Sexual Reproduction
- Involves two parents (male and female).
- Each parent contributes half of the genetic material (DNA) to create the offspring.
- Examples include: humans, dogs, most animals, and flowering plants.
- Gametes (sex cells) are produced by the parents.
- Male gametes are sperm cells.
- Female gametes are egg cells.
- Sperm is relatively smaller and motile.
- The ovum (egg cell) is comparatively larger.
- The union of sperm and egg is called fertilization, creating a zygote.
- Sexual reproduction involves the union of sex cells (gametes) from two parents, resulting in genetically unique offspring.
- There are two primary types of fertilization: internal and external.
External Fertilization
- Water or a moist environment is needed for the gametes to not dry out.
- Both male and female gametes are released into the same area.
- This simultaneous release is called spawning.
- This method is common in amphibians and fish.
- Advantageous for large numbers of offspring, but exposure to environmental hazards decreases the chance of the zygote's survival.
- Zygotes develop outside the parent's body.
- Frog is an example of an animal exhibiting external fertilization.
Internal Fertilization
- The egg is fertilized inside the female reproductive tract.
- This process is also known as copulation.
- This method is common in mammals, including humans.
- Advantageous since it offers protection for the zygote.
- Development of the fertilized egg (zygote) occurs within the female reproductive tract.
Fertilization
- Fertilization is the union of male and female gametes producing a diploid zygote.
- Internal fertilization occurs within the female body; external fertilization requires an aqueous environment.
- Methods of fertilization include external and internal fertilization.
- IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) is a type of fertilization where fertilization takes place outside of the female body (in a laboratory).
Egg Cells
- Egg cells, or ova, are present in the female from birth.
- They are produced in the ovaries, along with hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle.
- They contain the female genetic material.
Sperm Cells
- Sperm cells are produced in the testes (testosterone).
- The testes are located in the scrotum.
- Sperm cells have a head, body, and tail, containing genetic material and enzymes for penetrating the egg.
- Mitochondria provide energy for movement.
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
- Produces varied offspring.
- Improves species survival in varying environments.
Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
- Takes more time and energy (needs two parents).
Advantages of Asexual Reproduction
- Faster method
- Needs only one parent
Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
- No variation, making it harder for species to survive environmental changes.
Asexual Reproduction
- Does not involve the union of gametes.
- One parent produces offspring without the involvement of another individual of the same species.
- Offspring are genetically identical (clones) to the parent.
Types of Asexual Reproduction
- Budding
- Binary Fission
- Spore Formation
- Vegetative Propagation
- Fragmentation
- Regeneration
Budding
- A new organism develops as an outgrowth or bud from the parent.
- The bud grows and eventually detaches, becoming an independent organism.
- This method is common in yeast and some animals.
Binary Fission
- The parent cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.
- This method is common in bacteria, and some protozoans.
Spore Formation
- Spores are specialized, microscopic cells produced by certain organisms.
- Spores can be spread to new environments by wind or water.
- They germinate into a new individual when conditions are favorable.
- Mushrooms and molds use this method.
Vegetative Propagation
- New individuals are formed from parts of a plant other than seeds.
- Common in plants and involves various methods like cuttings, layering, grafting, and tissue culture.
- Plants, in this case, are clones of the parent plant.
Fragmentation
- The parent organism breaks into fragments.
- Each fragment develops into a new individual.
- Planaria is an example of this type.
Regeneration
- The ability of an organism to replace lost or damaged body parts.
- Starfish and lizards are examples of animals that exhibit this.
Corn, Tuber, Bulb, Rhizomes
- Modified underground stems used for food storage and asexual propagation in plants.
- Examples vary, with each having particular adaptations for survival.
Artificial Vegetative Propagation
- This involves human interaction to induce vegetative propagation for commercial purposes.
- The methods include cutting, layering, grafting, and tissue culture.
- These methods preserve desirable traits in specific plants.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
- A reproductive technology where fertilization takes place outside a woman's body in a lab and then transferred back into her.
Mammal Gestation Periods (Table)
- Data on average gestation periods for various mammals.
- Demonstrates time differences based on the species.
Importance of Sexual Reproduction
- Variety for survival; offspring differ.
- Better survival chances, helps species survive changing environments.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of reproduction in living organisms, focusing on the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction. Learn about gametes, fertilization, and examples of each type of reproduction. Test your understanding of how genetic material is passed from parents to offspring.
