Biology Chapter Overview: Reproduction & Macromolecules

Living Things

Bacteria reproduce asexually
Most animals reproduce sexually
Asexual reproduction needs one parent
Sexual reproduction needs two parents
Maintaining stable body temperature is homeostasis
A stimulus is a change that causes a response

Macromolecules

Cell membranes have two layers of lipids
Lipids have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
Lipids include fats and oils
Macromolecules are made of smaller molecules
Macromolecules include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
Simple carbohydrates have one monomer, complex carbohydrates have more than one
Lipids are made of fatty acids and glycerol
The cell membrane is made of lipids
Another term for macromolecule is polymer
Monomers of carbohydrates are monosaccharides
Monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides
Monomers of proteins are amino acids
Cellular processes use energy from ATP
Animals store energy as glycogen
Plants store energy as starch
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids
Enzymes are proteins
Hormones are proteins
Waxes are lipids
Hemoglobin is a protein
A key macromolecule for cell walls is cellulose
A key macromolecule for cell membranes are phospholipids
Storing instructions for making proteins is a function of nucleic acids
Molecules that speed up chemical reactions are enzymes
Long-term energy storage is a function of lipids
Short-term energy storage is a function of carbohydrates

Cells

Reproduction in single-celled organisms involves cell division
Plant and fungal cell walls are made of different materials
Larger cells do not have sufficient surface area relative to their volume
DNA encodes instructions for making proteins
Proteins are transported by membrane-bound bubbles called vesicles
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that controls cell activities

Evolution

Whale fins and human hands are homologous structures (similar evolutionary origin)
Broccoli and vegetables result from selective breeding
Comparing the structures of fossils provides evidence for evolution
Cows and chickens are examples of artificial selection
Mutations can be helpful, harmful or neutral
Industrial Revolution drove natural selection in peppered moths
Antibiotic use causes antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Faster mice that outrun predators are an example of natural selection
Finches on different islands can no longer breed due to speciation
Thick-beaked birds are favored in nut-eating environments due to natural selection
Natural selection favors traits that improve survival and reproduction
Random changes in genetic sequence are mutations
Speciation produces new species
Dog breeds are examples of artificial selection
Fossil records, homologous structures, vestigial structures, and similar embryology are evidence for evolution
Human appendix is a vestigial structure
Turtles and humans have similarities in embryology
Evolution is change in organisms over time caused by DNA changes
Traits that improve survival in an environment are adaptations
Whale hip bones are vestigial structures
Homologous structures develop from the same embryonic tissue
Mutations are random changes in genes
A structure that is useless is a vestigial structure
A trait that enhances survival is an adaptation
Genetic changes in a population over time are evolution
Features that enhance survival are adaptions
Transmission of traits from parent to offspring is heredity
Bright colors in male birds may benefit mating
Human-driven selection is artificial selection
Faster natural selection is directional selection
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's model posited traits acquired during lifetime passed to offspring, unsupported by evidence
Charles Darwin described evolution by natural selection in his observations on the HMS Beagle

Ecology

Consumers are organisms that eat other organisms
Producers are organisms that create their own energy
A biotic factor is a living thing, an abiotic factor is non-living
In food webs, arrows indicate energy transfer direction
The predator in a relationship eats the prey
Limited food supply can be a factor causing deaths
Organisms that eat dead organic matter are decomposers
An environment's carrying capacity is the maximum number of organisms it can hold
Studying interactions of living things and their surroundings is ecology
Turkey vultures are consumers
Levels of environmental organization, smallest to largest: organism, population, community, ecosystem
Balanced equation for cellular respiration and photosynthesis should be memorized

Viruses

Viruses require a host cell to reproduce
Viruses inject their genetic material into the host cell
At the end of a viral cycle, the host cell is often broken
Viruses come in many shapes and sizes
Viruses replicate through lytic or lysogenic cycles
Some genetic material is in the form of DNA, others are RNA
Viruses infect many living organisms

Bacteria

Some bacteria get their energy from chemicals in their surroundings
Some bacteria thrive in extreme heat or salt concentrations
Bacteria reproduce by binary fission producing two identical cells
Bacteria can be rod, spherical or spiral-shaped
Bacteria can form endospores for protection against harsh conditions
The two Domains of oldest life (prior to eukaryotes) are Bacteria and Archae

Protists

Protists are typically single-celled eukaryotes
Photosynthetic protists are algae
Cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia are used for movement in protists
Some protists have animal-like characteristics
Slime molds are protists
Some protists produce oxygen
Protists reproduce asexually through cell division or spores
Movement mechanisms for protists include cilia, flagella, and pseudopodia

Fungi

Most fungi are multicellular
Yeasts are single-celled fungi
Fungi produce spores for reproduction
Mycorrhizae are a symbiotic relationship between fungal hyphae and plant roots
Fungi have cell walls made of chitin
Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and an alga or cyanobacterium