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Questions and Answers
What is the process by which water enters plant cells and moves from one cell to another?
What is the process by which water enters plant cells and moves from one cell to another?
- Transpiration
- Symplast (correct)
- Evaporation
- Diffusion
How do root hairs absorb water from the soil?
How do root hairs absorb water from the soil?
- Osmosis (correct)
- Exocytosis
- Active transport
- Endocytosis
What is the role of pressure from water inside plant cells?
What is the role of pressure from water inside plant cells?
- Contributes to root growth
- Causes photosynthesis
- Keeps the plant stiff and upright (correct)
- Facilitates nutrient absorption
In which pathway does passive absorption of water take place?
In which pathway does passive absorption of water take place?
What drives the movement of water molecules during osmosis?
What drives the movement of water molecules during osmosis?
Which of the following statements best describes osmotic movement in plants?
Which of the following statements best describes osmotic movement in plants?
What happens during secondary growth in plants?
What happens during secondary growth in plants?
Which of the following best defines the primary difference between active and passive absorption of water?
Which of the following best defines the primary difference between active and passive absorption of water?
What is the primary function of the protective layers in plants?
What is the primary function of the protective layers in plants?
Which of the following describes cork tissue?
Which of the following describes cork tissue?
How do prickles differ from thorns?
How do prickles differ from thorns?
What is found in nearly all parts of poison ivy?
What is found in nearly all parts of poison ivy?
What type of plant does Toxicodendron radicans refer to?
What type of plant does Toxicodendron radicans refer to?
What type of adaptations might a plant use to deter herbivores?
What type of adaptations might a plant use to deter herbivores?
What role do superficial hairs and scales play in plants?
What role do superficial hairs and scales play in plants?
Which of the following plants is known for causing skin reactions due to its oily substance?
Which of the following plants is known for causing skin reactions due to its oily substance?
What is the primary cause of white blister disease?
What is the primary cause of white blister disease?
Which of the following groups of plants is classified as non-vascular?
Which of the following groups of plants is classified as non-vascular?
How do ferns primarily reproduce?
How do ferns primarily reproduce?
What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms?
What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms?
What is suggested to be the origin of land plants?
What is suggested to be the origin of land plants?
Which of the following statements about charophytes is FALSE?
Which of the following statements about charophytes is FALSE?
Which plant group reproduces by producing seeds that are not enclosed in fruit?
Which plant group reproduces by producing seeds that are not enclosed in fruit?
What role did the Last Universal Common Ancestor (Luca) serve in the evolution of life?
What role did the Last Universal Common Ancestor (Luca) serve in the evolution of life?
What characteristic distinguishes algae from early land plants?
What characteristic distinguishes algae from early land plants?
What advantage did early land plants gain from unlimited sunlight?
What advantage did early land plants gain from unlimited sunlight?
How did the availability of carbon dioxide differ between land and aquatic environments?
How did the availability of carbon dioxide differ between land and aquatic environments?
What initial ecological condition helped plants establish themselves on land?
What initial ecological condition helped plants establish themselves on land?
What reproductive advantage did algae have in their aquatic environment?
What reproductive advantage did algae have in their aquatic environment?
Which statement accurately describes the impact of light availability on early plant evolution?
Which statement accurately describes the impact of light availability on early plant evolution?
What challenge did terrestrial plants face with the transition from water to land?
What challenge did terrestrial plants face with the transition from water to land?
What key factor allowed early plants to efficiently convert carbon dioxide into sugars?
What key factor allowed early plants to efficiently convert carbon dioxide into sugars?
What is a primary challenge that plants face when adapting to life on land?
What is a primary challenge that plants face when adapting to life on land?
Which adaptation helps prevent water loss in terrestrial plants?
Which adaptation helps prevent water loss in terrestrial plants?
How must plants reproduce to overcome the limitations of water on land?
How must plants reproduce to overcome the limitations of water on land?
What mechanism does the cuticle use to reduce heat and moisture loss?
What mechanism does the cuticle use to reduce heat and moisture loss?
What resource must plants obtain from both soil and air?
What resource must plants obtain from both soil and air?
Which plant structure helps maintain moisture within the cells?
Which plant structure helps maintain moisture within the cells?
What adaptation is essential for sperm to reach the egg in land plants?
What adaptation is essential for sperm to reach the egg in land plants?
What characteristic of the Taro leaf outer layer illustrates plant adaptation?
What characteristic of the Taro leaf outer layer illustrates plant adaptation?
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Study Notes
Plant Growth and Characteristics
- Secondary growth increases plant diameter and produces cork as a protective layer.
- Active water absorption occurs when water enters plant cells via osmosis, moving through plasmodesmata and cytoplasm, known as symplast.
- Turgor pressure from water inside plant cells keeps plants stiff and upright.
Water Absorption in Plants
- Root hairs absorb water from the soil through osmosis, moving from high to low concentration areas across a semi-permeable membrane.
- Passive absorption utilizes the apoplast pathway for water movement.
Plant Defense Mechanisms
- Plants have various protective adaptations, including fibrous tissues, superficial hairs, spines, thorns, and toxic chemicals.
- Prickles, unlike thorns and spines, are corky outgrowths from the dermal tissue.
Cork and Its Properties
- Cork forms a protective layer on certain plants; it is lightweight, durable, and water-resistant.
Poison Ivy Characteristics
- Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) produces an oil called urushiol, causing allergic reactions and rashes upon contact.
Plant Classification
- Bryophytes are non-vascular plants (e.g., mosses, liverworts) that absorb water through their surfaces.
- Ferns reproduce via spores and possess roots, stems, and leaves but lack flowers.
- Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants with naked seeds, including conifers.
- Angiosperms are flowering plants with seeds enclosed within fruits.
Evolution of Plants
- Green algae (Charophytes) are considered ancestors of land plants, indicating a monophyletic origin.
- Early plants likely evolved over 500 million years ago, occupying moist environments near lakes and marshes.
Plant Adaptations to Land Life
- Opportunities for plant adaptations include access to unlimited sunlight, more carbon dioxide compared to water, and fewer initial herbivores and pathogens.
- Adaptations to life on land involve structures to prevent moisture loss and mechanisms for reproduction without water.
Disadvantages of Terrestrial Life for Plants
- Plants must maintain moisture, support their structure in a non-buoyant medium, reproduce without water, and gather resources from soil and air.
Cuticle's Role in Moisture Retention
- The cuticle reduces water loss by providing a barrier against evaporation and reflecting heat to lower surface temperature.
- The outer layer of Taro leaves is an example of a plant coated with a waxy cuticle to prevent desiccation.
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