Biology Chapter on Waste Removal & Hormones

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the kidneys?

Filtering nitrogenous waste from the blood

Secreting growth hormone (correct)

Reabsorbing sodium ions

Regulating water reabsorption

Which gland directly controls the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary?

Thyroid gland

Pineal gland

Adrenal cortex

Hypothalamus (correct)

What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Increasing water retention in the kidneys (correct)

Regulating sodium balance in the nephrons

Promoting glucose release from the pancreas

Stimulating thyroid hormone production

Which hormone is primarily responsible for blood sugar regulation?

Insulin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress?

Epinephrine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is MOST closely associated with the regulation of egg and sperm production?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones has the primary function of regulating the body's metabolic rate?

Thyroid hormone (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Regulating electrolyte balance (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the myelin sheath?

To insulate the axon and increase signal transmission speed (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a neuron is directly responsible for saltatory conduction?

Nodes of Ranvier (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the order of signal transmission in a basic reflex arc?

Sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the axon?

To transmit signals away from the cell body (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which event occurs during the depolarization phase of an action potential?

The membrane potential becomes more positive (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing ions and glucose back into the bloodstream?

Proximal tubule (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

Somatic controls voluntary skeletal muscles, autonomic controls involuntary internal organs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a neuron reaches its threshold potential?

An action potential is triggered (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the effector in a homeostatic feedback loop?

To carry out the necessary action to restore equilibrium. (D) Signup and view all the answers

If a person’s breathing rate increases in response to elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood, this would be an example of:

A negative feedback loop, as the change in rate reverses the initial stimulus. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between the white matter of the spinal cord and the grey matter of the cerebrum?

White matter is primarily composed of myelinated axons, while grey matter is comprised mostly of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is most directly involved in maintaining balance and coordinating motor skills?

The Cerebellum, as it is a key player to smooth muscle movement. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists the meningeal layers in the correct order, from the outermost to the innermost layer?

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (C) Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) first released?

Pyruvate Oxidation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

It carries electrons to the electron transport chain after accepting them during oxidation reactions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Krebs cycle take place in a eukaryotic cell?

Mitochondrial matrix (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of chemiosmosis in the electron transport chain?

To pump protons ($H^+$) across the inner mitochondrial membrane to create a proton gradient used to drive ATP synthesis. (C) Signup and view all the answers

If a cell had a mutation that prevented the formation of Acetyl-CoA, which stage of cellular respiration would be directly affected?

Krebs Cycle (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these events occurs during the termination phase of DNA replication?

DNA polymerase stops adding nucleotides (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the TATA box during transcription?

It signals RNA polymerase to bind to DNA. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which modification is NOT part of post-transcriptional processing of mRNA?

Removal of exons (D) Signup and view all the answers

During translation, what is the role of the tRNA that is in the 'P' site?

It carries the growing polypeptide chain. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a function of telomeres?

They act as buffers at the ends of prokaryotic DNA strands. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spongy mesophyll layer in a leaf?

To allow for gas exchange through the air spaces. (C) Signup and view all the answers

During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, what is the direct role of water?

To provide electrons to replace those lost by P680. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

The reduction of carbon dioxide to produce sugars. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain (ETC) in the thylakoid membrane during photosynthesis?

To create a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis. (B) Signup and view all the answers

If a plant's guard cells are turgid, what is MOST likely occurring with respect to gas exchange?

The stomata are open, allowing for rapid gas exchange. (D) Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP produced?

Electron transport chain (ETC) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Oxygen ($O_2$) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes does NOT contribute to the regeneration of NAD+ during cellular respiration?

The reduction of oxaloacetate to citrate during Krebs cycle (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where in the mitochondrion does pyruvate oxidation take place?

Matrix (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the absence of oxygen, what process directly follows glycolysis?

Fermentation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which transport mechanism requires the direct input of ATP?

Ion pumps (A) Signup and view all the answers

A cell needs to import a large particle. Which process is MOST appropriate?

Phagocytosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which transport process moves molecules from areas of high to low concentration, without the use of transport proteins?

Simple diffusion (B) Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is shared between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

Both use protein transporters (C) Signup and view all the answers

The movement of water across a membrane from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to an area of low water concentration (high solute concentration), is best described as:

Osmosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms, while saturated fatty acids do not. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of linkage is formed when two monosaccharides join to create a disaccharide, and what is the specific name of the bond created during this process?

Glycosidic linkage; glycosidic bond. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the hierarchical order of protein structure, from least to most complex?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does an enzyme interact with its substrate according to the 'induced fit' model, and what is the consequence of this interaction?

The active site changes shape to accommodate the substrate, which creates a perfect fit that allows the reaction to occur. (D) Signup and view all the answers

If a cell is undergoing a dehydration reaction to synthesize a macromolecule, what would be the net change in molecules involved?

Water is produced; a larger molecule is formed. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nitrogenous Waste Removal

Kidneys remove nitrogenous waste and regulate water balance
Nephrons in the renal medulla are responsible for this process
Waste products include ions like Na+, Ca2+, and K+
Water is reabsorbed and ions are reabsorbed

Endocrine System

Regulates many bodily functions through hormones
Hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary gland hormone release
Anterior pituitary produces HGH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, and ADH (Oxytocin is often included, but this document seems to exclude it)
- HGH: growth
- TSH: thyroid stimulation
- ACTH: adrenal cortex stimulation
- FSH: follicle stimulating, stimulates egg and sperm production
- LH: luteinizing hormone, stimulates egg and sperm production, ovulation, and testosterone secretion in males
- PRL: prolactin, stimulates milk production
- ADH: antidiuretic, regulates water balance
Posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones (Oxytocin is often included, but this document seems to exclude it)
Pineal gland produces melatonin, involved in sleep regulation
Thyroid regulates metabolic rate and growth
Parathyroid regulates calcium levels
Adrenal glands produce hormones
- Adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, influencing the stress response and controlling salt and water balance
- Adrenal medulla produces epinephrine, regulating the stress response
Pancreas produces insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar levels
Ovaries produce estrogen, while testes produce testosterone (sex hormones)
Other relevant hormones are involved, including but not limited to: insulin, glucagon, estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, etc.
Hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, play crucial roles in the reproductive system, further regulating growth and development.
Calcium absorption, blood glucose regulation, and their roles are mentioned, but no further details are given.

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Description

This quiz covers the processes of nitrogenous waste removal through the kidneys and the regulation of bodily functions by the endocrine system. Focus on the roles of nephrons, key hormones produced by the anterior pituitary, and their specific functions in the body. Test your understanding of these critical biological concepts.