Biology Chapter on Taste and Osmosis
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Questions and Answers

What factors influence gustation?

  • Level of hunger (correct)
  • Frequency of waves
  • Light intensity
  • Speed of sound

What is the lifespan of gustatory receptors?

  • 1-2 weeks
  • 30-60 days
  • 3-7 days
  • 12-42 days (correct)

Which type of information is transmitted to the central nervous system by cranial nerves related to taste?

  • Gustatory information (correct)
  • Visual information
  • Auditory information
  • Olfactory information

Which colors of light are primarily available to deeper aquatic animals?

<p>Blue and green (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does light attenuation affect underwater vision?

<p>Changes light intensity and color based on depth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of the eye mainly aids in underwater vision?

<p>Hemispherical structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are taste receptors primarily located?

<p>In external taste buds and papillae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the optical nerve play in vision?

<p>Projects visual information to the brain's optical centers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the loop of Henle in the nephron?

<p>To absorb water and concentrate salt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately defines osmosis?

<p>The movement of water towards the area of higher salt concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a solution that has the same salt concentration as the cells in a bony fish?

<p>Isotonic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do marine coastal organisms typically cope with varying salt concentrations in their environment?

<p>Most are euryhaline osmo conformers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main driving force behind diffusion?

<p>Minimization of solute concentration differences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a hypertonic solution?

<p>Higher salt concentration than the surrounding environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of membrane is involved in osmosis?

<p>Semi-permeable membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to osmotic pressure when equilibrium is reached?

<p>Osmotic pressure decreases and levels off (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes red muscle in fish?

<p>High demand for oxygen and glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fish species is known to have predominantly red muscle?

<p>Tuna (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of white muscle in fish?

<p>To contract quickly and produce force (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In most fish, what percentage of muscle mass is typically composed of white muscle?

<p>90% or more (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle has more capillaries and myoglobin?

<p>Red muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation does the Stargazer fish exhibit?

<p>Short bursts of speed with predominantly white muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fish is characterized as a sedentary species?

<p>Stargazer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if tuna stop swimming?

<p>They risk suffocation from lack of oxygen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does visual acuity refer to in animals?

<p>The ability to distinguish fine details in the visual field (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for the panoramic view and higher visual acuity in some animals?

<p>Visual streak (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sensory system combines both auditory and lateral line senses in aquatic animals?

<p>Octavo-lateralis system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lateral line system in aquatic animals?

<p>Detection of water movement and low frequency sounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism allows hair cells in the lateral line system to detect water movement?

<p>Movement of the cupula over the hair cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the ability of aquatic animals to orient themselves in response to an oncoming water current?

<p>Rheotaxis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are neuromasts in the lateral line system?

<p>Groups of hair cells that sense local acceleration of water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure covers the group of neuromasts and is activated by water movement?

<p>Cupula (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes steroid hormones from protein hormones?

<p>Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical origin of protein hormones?

<p>Formed from amino acids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of hormones is associated with providing prolonged and slower effects?

<p>Steroid hormones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do protein hormones elicit a response from target cells?

<p>By activating secondary messengers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormone is ACTH, and what is its primary effect?

<p>A protein hormone that causes iris closure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is used to understand the stress response in animals?

<p>Endocrine biomarkers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes the bioluminescence of terrestrial organisms?

<p>It predominantly emits a yellow-green color. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glucocorticoids in the body?

<p>To act as stress hormones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is crucial for the bioluminescence process?

<p>Luciferase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a focus shift in understanding population health?

<p>Using individual physiology as an indicator. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does luciferin play in bioluminescent reactions?

<p>It is a substrate that undergoes oxidation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about photoproteins is true?

<p>They can produce light through different chemical means than luciferin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which organ are photophores typically located in bioluminescent organisms?

<p>Photogenic light emitting cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bioluminescence occurs when organisms synthesize their own luciferin?

<p>Intrinsic bioluminescence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of bioluminescence that is still not well understood?

<p>Defense mechanisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic wavelength range is optimal for luminescence in marine species?

<p>450 – 510 nm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bioluminescence

The production of light by living organisms through a chemical reaction.

Luciferin

A chemical compound that reacts with oxygen in the presence of an enzyme called luciferase to produce light.

Luciferase

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of luciferin, producing light.

Photophore

A specialized organ in some organisms that emits light through bioluminescence.

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Intrinsic Bioluminescence

Bioluminescence where the organism produces its own luciferin.

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Extrinsic Bioluminescence

Bioluminescence where the organism obtains luciferin from other organisms, either through diet or symbiosis.

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Photoprotein

A protein that emits light when combined with calcium or other specific molecules.

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Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)

A photoprotein found in crystal jellies, it emits green light when exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

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Gustatory Sensitivity

The ability to detect tastes, especially important for animals to identify toxic substances.

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Taste Bud

A cluster of taste receptor cells found on raised papillae on the tongue or in small depressions.

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Taste Receptor

A specialized cell that detects chemical compounds in food, triggering a taste sensation.

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Factors Affecting Taste

Conditions that influence how we perceive taste, like hunger, experience, water temperature, pollutants, pH, and climate change.

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Light Attenuation

The decrease in light intensity as it travels through water due to absorption and scattering.

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Vision in Water

The way aquatic animals see, adapted to the unique properties of light underwater.

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Hemispherical Eye

A type of eye found in some aquatic animals, with a protective cornea and a spherical lens.

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Neural Image

The electrical signal sent from the retina to the brain that represents the visual information.

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Visual Acuity

The ability of an animal's eye to see details clearly. It is related to the distribution of photoreceptors and ganglion cells in the retina.

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Area Centralis

A specialized area in the retina of some animals, responsible for central vision and providing high visual acuity.

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Visual Streak

A horizontal band of concentrated photoreceptors in the retina, extending across the eye, providing panoramic vision.

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Octavo-lateralis System

A combined sensory system that involves both hearing (auditory) and detecting water movements (lateral line), both relying on hair cells for sensory input.

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Lateral Line System

Sensory system found in aquatic animals, detecting water movements and low frequency sound, used for various functions like feeding, predator avoidance, and navigating currents.

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Neuromast

A group of hair cells in the lateral line system that detect local accelerations of water relative to the animal.

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Rheotaxis

The behavior of an animal using its lateral line system to orient itself in a current of water, like staying in a specific position relative to water flow.

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Cupula

A gelatinous dome covering neuromasts in the lateral line system, bending in response to water movement, thereby stimulating the hair cells.

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Red Muscle

A type of muscle found in fish, known for its high oxygen demand, rich in capillaries and myoglobin, making it appear red. It is used for slower, sustained swimming and steering.

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White Muscle

A type of muscle found in fish, known for its high glycolytic capacity, storing lots of glucose. It is used for short bursts of speed and power, working well without oxygen, but less efficient in ATP production.

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Muscle Type in Tuna

Tuna have predominantly red muscle, which is essential for their continuous swimming. They need to swim at least one body length per second to avoid suffocating, even while sleeping.

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Muscle Type in Stargazer/Monkfish

Stargazers and monkfish mainly use white muscle for their ambush hunting style. They rely on quick bursts of speed to capture prey, then remain stationary for periods.

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Muscle Type in Australian Salmon

Australian salmon have a mix of red and white muscle. They are active swimmers, capable of long distances, but also need to accelerate quickly to evade predators or catch prey.

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Muscle Type in Sedentary Fish

Sedentary fish species rely mostly on white muscle. They don't need to swim long distances, but have enough power to ambush prey from short distances.

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Muscle Type and Swimming Style

Fish use different combinations of red and white muscle for various swimming styles and hunting strategies. Red muscle facilitates sustained swimming and steering, while white muscle provides power for quick, energetic movements.

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What is osmosis?

Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration. This movement is driven by the difference in water potential, which is influenced by the concentration of solutes.

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What is an osmotically active particle?

An osmotically active particle is a substance that contributes to the osmotic pressure of a solution. These particles cannot freely cross the cell membrane, so their concentration affects the movement of water.

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What is osmolarity?

Osmolarity is the total concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution. It is a measure of the osmotic pressure of the solution.

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Define isotonic.

Isotonic refers to a solution with the same osmolarity as another solution, usually the internal environment of an organism.

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Define hypotonic.

Hypotonic refers to a solution with a lower osmolarity compared to another solution. This means there is a higher concentration of water in the hypotonic solution.

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Define hypertonic.

Hypertonic refers to a solution with a higher osmolarity compared to another solution. This means there is a lower concentration of water in the hypertonic solution.

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What is diffusion?

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. This movement is driven by the concentration gradient and the random motion of molecules.

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What is the biggest piece of evidence for life starting in the sea?

The similarity in ion composition between our cells and seawater is considered a strong indicator that life originated in a marine environment.

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Protein Hormones

Hormones made from amino acids, synthesized through DNA to RNA to protein process. They bind to receptors on the target cell's surface and activate secondary messengers, causing fast but temporary effects. They are recycled.

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Steroid Hormones

Hormones derived from cholesterol. They have receptors in the cytoplasm of the target cell. Once bound to the receptor, they move into the nucleus, altering gene expression. This leads to slower but longer-lasting effects. They are excreted after use.

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Progestogen

A type of steroid hormone often associated with pregnancy.

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Glucocorticoids

A type of steroid hormone, including cortisol, often referred to as stress hormones.

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Androgens

A type of steroid hormone including testosterone, often considered male hormones.

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Estrogens

A type of steroid hormone including estradiol, often considered female hormones.

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Endocrine Biomarkers

Hormones or other substances in the body that can be measured to assess the health of an individual or a population.

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Individual Physiology

Studying the internal functioning of individual organisms to assess environmental impacts and population health.

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Study Notes

Lecture Summaries

  • Many terrestrial and aquatic animals use various methods of camouflage to avoid predation or capture prey using the substrate. Examples include hiding beneath, within or mimicking it.
  • Animals can camouflage themselves in three main ways:
    • Matching the substrate's colour,
    • Structural matching to the substrate's texture,
    • Combining colour and structural matching to camouflage.
  • Crypsis involves blending into surroundings, achieving camouflage to avoid detection.
  • Animals can also manipulate or reflect light to become less visible.
  • Transparency is a specific type of crypsis, where an organism minimizes the scattering and reflection of light to allow photons to pass through it. It can be partial or complete.
  • Transparency is more common in aquatic environments, particularly deep sea areas.
  • Several factors limit the evolution of transparency including light conditions, lack of substrate for concealment, and the organism's internal structures.
  • Bioluminescence is a process by which organisms create their own light using a chemical reaction called chemiluminescence.
  • The majority of bioluminescent organisms are found in marine environments and very few terrestrial organisms perform bioluminescence.
  • Bioluminescence is predominantly utilized for communication, attracting mates, as well as camouflage. Animals may use it, to deter predators or attract prey.
  • Bioluminescence is not used just in deep sea creatures. Examples include fireflies, glow worms, click beetles, and some bacteria.
  • Bioluminescence is created through a chemical reaction which does not produce excess heat in the process; known as cold light.
  • Luciferase is a generic term for a class of oxidised enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of luciferin to produce bioluminescence.
  • Some organisms can absorb light at one wavelength and re-emit it at a different wavelength, a process called biofluorescence, which is different from bioluminescence.
  • Multiple factors can affect pressure – increasing pressure affects the proteins and the cell structure as the water gets pushed out. This affects enzymes and ligands, these don't fit properly.
  • Deep-sea animals have adaptations for high pressure, including modifications to cell membranes that contain more unsaturated fatty acids allowing them to withstand higher pressure whilst maintaining function.

Other Adaptations in Fish

  • Giant mouth, inward facing teeth, bioluminescence to attract prey, and weakly muscularized body are used in some deep water fishes.
  • Many have inward-facing teeth to trap prey.
  • Some species are ectoparasites, dissolving their way into the female host.
  • Species with large mouths and jaws to consume prey are often opportunistic feeders, who also are susceptible to predation.
  • Many species have special behaviours to attract prey in the absence of light (bioluminescence), or to lure prey.

Feeding Strategies

  • Some fish use ambushing techniques.
  • Other strategies include specialized swimming methods to detect and capture prey.
  • Specialized sensory structures detect food sources,
  • Dentition plays a key role in digestion, often related to the type of food eaten and the method of ingestion.

Sensory Capabilities

  • Fish have a variety of sensory systems for detecting prey, predators, and other environmental factors.
  • Vision, smell, hearing, lateral line, electroreception, and taste play vital roles. They vary according to the size of the fish and the environment they live in.
  • Many sensory systems use hair cells in organs.
  • The nervous system collects, integrates, and processes sensory information for behaviour and response to stimuli in the environment.

Osmoregulation in Fish

  • Fish can be either osmoconformers (tolerating large changes in salinity) or osmoregulators (maintaining a constant internal salinity).
  • Saltwater and freshwater fish will be adapted differently considering the amount of water and salt in these environments.
  • Adaptation to water salinity concentration is important for fish to survive in their environment.
  • Kidney functions differ depending on the environment and salt levels.
  • There are differences and adaptations to cope with salinity changes in freshwater and saltwater environments.
  • Strategies like nasal salt glands, specific kidney functions, modified gills, and special dietary strategies are critical for adapting to various environments.

Metabolic Scope

  • Metabolic rate describes the overall chemical activity in living tissues.
  • High metabolic rates are especially associated with activities requiring high levels of energy, such as those in larger fish and migratory species.
  • Metabolic rate can vary with body size, activity level, diet, and environmental conditions.
  • Metabolic rates that depend greatly on temperature cause changes in behaviour, response, and physiological performance.

Fish Kills

  • Fish kills occur when a large number of fish die in a short period of time, usually due to a sudden change in some aspects of their environmental conditions.

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Animal Camouflage and Bioluminescence Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the biology of taste, gustation, and osmosis, including the roles of sensory receptors and their functions. Additionally, explore how environmental factors affect aquatic vision and organismal adaptation to salinity. This quiz covers essential concepts in biological sciences related to taste and osmosis.

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