Questions and Answers
What does the term 'Otorhinolaryngology' refer to?
What is Gustation?
The sense of taste.
Which of the following are considered primary tastes?
What is Umami described as?
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All flavors are derived solely from the five primary tastes.
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What stimulates olfactory receptors?
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Where are taste buds located?
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What is the function of papillae on the tongue?
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What is the Vallate papillae?
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What are fungiform papillae?
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What do filiform papillae do?
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What types of cells are found in taste buds?
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What is the role of gustatory hairs?
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What triggers nerve impulses in taste perception?
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Which cranial nerves are involved in taste?
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Where do taste signals project after the medulla oblongata?
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What is taste aversion?
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Study Notes
Otorhinolaryngology
- Specialty focused on the ears, nose, throat, and their disorders.
Gustation
- Refers to the sense of taste.
Primary Tastes
- The five primary tastes include sour, sweet, bitter, salty, and umami.
Umami
- A taste described as "meaty" or "savory," recognized as one of the primary tastes.
Flavor Perception
- Flavor is a combination of the five primary tastes along with olfactory (smell) and tactile (touch) sensations.
Olfactory Receptors
- Located in the nasal cavity; they are stimulated by food odors that travel from the mouth.
Taste Buds
- Receptors for taste sensations; the number decreases with age.
- Young adults have nearly 10,000 taste buds primarily on the tongue, and also found in the roof of the mouth, pharynx, and epiglottis.
Papillae
- Taste buds are situated in surface elevations on the tongue, contributing to its texture.
Vallate Papillae
- Form an inverted V-shaped row at the back of the tongue, housing taste buds.
Fungiform Papillae
- Mushroom-shaped structures scattered across the tongue surface that contain taste buds.
Filiform Papillae
- Elevations with touch receptors but lacking taste buds, covering the tongue's entire surface.
Structure of Taste Buds
- Each taste bud is an oval body made up of three types of epithelial cells.
Types of Epithelial Cells in Taste Buds
- Supporting cells help structure the taste bud and surround gustatory receptor cells.
- Gustatory receptor cells are specialized for taste perception and have a lifespan of about 10 days, replaced by basal cells.
- Basal cells function as stem cells, continuously regenerating the supporting and gustatory receptor cells.
Gustatory Hair
- A projection from each gustatory receptor cell that extends through the taste pore to interact with tastants.
Taste Pore
- An opening in the taste bud allowing tastants to enter and interact with gustatory cells.
Tastants
- Chemicals that activate gustatory receptor cells upon dissolving in saliva and entering taste pores.
Nerve Impulses
- Result from taste signal transduction; neurotransmitters release from gustatory receptor cells stimulate action potentials in sensory neurons.
Gustatory Pathway
- First-order sensory neurons for taste are innervated by three cranial nerves: Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), and Vagus (X).
Central Processing of Taste
- Signals from taste buds travel to the medulla oblongata, then to the limbic system and hypothalamus, and also to the thalamus for further processing.
Primary Gustatory Area
- Located in the parietal lobe; this area receives taste signals from the thalamus, leading to the conscious perception of taste.
Taste Aversion
- A learned response where individuals and animals develop an aversion to foods that cause digestive discomfort.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts related to the sense of taste through these flashcards. From the terminology of gustation to the primary tastes such as sour, sweet, and umami, this quiz helps reinforce your understanding of this fascinating sensory system.