Podcast
Questions and Answers
What term describes a reduction in appetite specifically for foods that have been recently consumed?
What term describes a reduction in appetite specifically for foods that have been recently consumed?
What is the primary chemical responsible for the burn associated with chili peppers?
What is the primary chemical responsible for the burn associated with chili peppers?
What describes individuals who can detect certain bitter tastants only at very high concentrations?
What describes individuals who can detect certain bitter tastants only at very high concentrations?
Which type of olfaction involves smelling through the nostrils?
Which type of olfaction involves smelling through the nostrils?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one potential health consequence associated with variations in taste sensitivity?
What is one potential health consequence associated with variations in taste sensitivity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of taste perception when the mouth experiences injuries?
What is the main function of taste perception when the mouth experiences injuries?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors can affect an individual’s preference for salty foods?
Which of the following factors can affect an individual’s preference for salty foods?
Signup and view all the answers
Which taste is primarily associated with acid and can damage body tissues at high concentrations?
Which taste is primarily associated with acid and can damage body tissues at high concentrations?
Signup and view all the answers
Which model suggests that each cranial nerve fibre carries information about a single taste quality from one type of receptor?
Which model suggests that each cranial nerve fibre carries information about a single taste quality from one type of receptor?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the inability to distinguish between different bitter compounds?
What is the significance of the inability to distinguish between different bitter compounds?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does glutamate play in taste perception?
What role does glutamate play in taste perception?
Signup and view all the answers
What mechanism involves signals from taste receptor cells causing presynaptic cells to release neurotransmitters?
What mechanism involves signals from taste receptor cells causing presynaptic cells to release neurotransmitters?
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes an individual who has a high density of fungiform papillae and perceives intense taste sensations?
What term describes an individual who has a high density of fungiform papillae and perceives intense taste sensations?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the trigeminal sense relate to the perception of flavor?
How does the trigeminal sense relate to the perception of flavor?
Signup and view all the answers
Which response is not typically elicited by bitter tastes in infants?
Which response is not typically elicited by bitter tastes in infants?
Signup and view all the answers
What can be a potential health consequence of consuming a large amount of monosodium glutamate (MSG)?
What can be a potential health consequence of consuming a large amount of monosodium glutamate (MSG)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which basic taste is associated with sugars and serves as a principal energy source?
Which basic taste is associated with sugars and serves as a principal energy source?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the specific hungers theory propose about nutrient cravings?
What does the specific hungers theory propose about nutrient cravings?
Signup and view all the answers
How does sensory adaptation affect taste perception?
How does sensory adaptation affect taste perception?
Signup and view all the answers
What is cross-adaptation in the context of taste perception?
What is cross-adaptation in the context of taste perception?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of individuals cannot taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)?
Which type of individuals cannot taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of capsaicin in chili peppers?
What is the primary role of capsaicin in chili peppers?
Signup and view all the answers
Supertasters tend to prefer foods high in fat due to their reduced sensitivity to bitter tastes.
Supertasters tend to prefer foods high in fat due to their reduced sensitivity to bitter tastes.
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes individuals who have a lower sensitivity to bitter tastants and can only detect them at high concentrations?
What term describes individuals who have a lower sensitivity to bitter tastants and can only detect them at high concentrations?
Signup and view all the answers
Individuals known as __________ have about twice as many fungiform papillae as other tasters.
Individuals known as __________ have about twice as many fungiform papillae as other tasters.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following types of tasters with their characteristics:
Match the following types of tasters with their characteristics:
Signup and view all the answers
What substance is primarily associated with the sweet taste?
What substance is primarily associated with the sweet taste?
Signup and view all the answers
Salt perception remains constant regardless of dietary changes.
Salt perception remains constant regardless of dietary changes.
Signup and view all the answers
What taste is associated with sensing glutamate?
What taste is associated with sensing glutamate?
Signup and view all the answers
The taste that is primarily a response to acidic substances is called _______.
The taste that is primarily a response to acidic substances is called _______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the basic tastes with their characteristics:
Match the basic tastes with their characteristics:
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is likely to increase an individual's preference for salty foods later in life?
Which factor is likely to increase an individual's preference for salty foods later in life?
Signup and view all the answers
Bitter taste perception can be less intense during pregnancy.
Bitter taste perception can be less intense during pregnancy.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term used for the total sensory experience from ingesting something?
What is the term used for the total sensory experience from ingesting something?
Signup and view all the answers
Which model suggests that cranial nerve fibres carry information about combinations of taste qualities?
Which model suggests that cranial nerve fibres carry information about combinations of taste qualities?
Signup and view all the answers
A supertaster has the same taste sensitivity as a nontaster.
A supertaster has the same taste sensitivity as a nontaster.
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure carries taste information from the anterior tongue?
Which structure carries taste information from the anterior tongue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the primary taste cortex?
What is the primary function of the primary taste cortex?
Signup and view all the answers
Retronasal olfactory sensation occurs when an odour is perceived through the nostrils.
Retronasal olfactory sensation occurs when an odour is perceived through the nostrils.
Signup and view all the answers
The theory that craving for a specific nutrient arises from its deficiency is known as __________.
The theory that craving for a specific nutrient arises from its deficiency is known as __________.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the tiny structures on the tongue that contain taste buds called?
What are the tiny structures on the tongue that contain taste buds called?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the taste sensation with its elicited infant response:
Match the taste sensation with its elicited infant response:
Signup and view all the answers
Taste buds are embedded in __________.
Taste buds are embedded in __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match each type of papillae with its function:
Match each type of papillae with its function:
Signup and view all the answers
What is one effect of taste adaptation?
What is one effect of taste adaptation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of taste receptor primarily detects sweet or bitter tastants?
Which type of taste receptor primarily detects sweet or bitter tastants?
Signup and view all the answers
Cross-adaptation occurs when the taste of one food does not affect the perception of another.
Cross-adaptation occurs when the taste of one food does not affect the perception of another.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the genetic basis for individuals who cannot taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)?
What is the genetic basis for individuals who cannot taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)?
Signup and view all the answers
Taste sensation is influenced by the sweetness of a food, which can enhance its perceived olfactory quality.
Taste sensation is influenced by the sweetness of a food, which can enhance its perceived olfactory quality.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of cilia in taste bud cells?
What is the role of cilia in taste bud cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Taste versus Flavour
- Retronasal olfaction is the perception of odor when chewing/swallowing forces an odorant up behind the palate into the nose.
- Chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve that transmits taste information from the anterior tongue.
- Brain processes odors differently depending on whether they come from the nose or mouth.
- Increasing sweetness intensifies perceived olfactory sensations in fruit juice.
Kinds of Papillae
- Papillae are tiny structures on the tongue's surface.
- Filiform papillae have no taste function.
- Circumvallate papillae form an inverted V and are surrounded by a trench. They contain taste buds.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Gustatory System
- Taste buds are embedded in papillae (bumps on the tongue).
- They create neural signals to taste nerves, passing information to the brain via cranial nerves.
- Taste receptor cells are within taste buds.
- Cilia on taste buds extend into the taste pore and bind to taste substances.
- Tastants can be salty/sour or sweet/bitter, detected by charged particles or G protein-coupled receptors.
- Inhibition in the brain protects mouth perception when injured.
The Four Basic Tastes
- Salty: Salt is made of cation and anion charged particles.
- Sour: Sourness is from acidic substances (H+ ions). Higher concentrations can be harmful.
- Bitter: Quinine is a prototypically bitter substance. Many bitter things are poisonous.
- Sweet: Many sugars are sweet, with fructose being sweeter than glucose. Sucrose is a combination of glucose and fructose.
The Fifth Taste: Umami
- Umami is a savory taste perceived from glutamate (or its salt form).
- Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter.
Flavour
- Flavour encompasses taste, pleasantness/intensity, and sensory properties, primarily smell.
- The trigeminal sense detects irritants like menthol and chili peppers in the mouth.
Neural Coding of Tastes
- Taste receptor cells (TRCs) transform tastants into neural signals.
- Signals travel between cells via neurotransmitters, conveying information about sweet, umami, and bitter tastants.
- The primary taste cortex in the brain, including the anterior insular cortex and frontal operculum, receives taste signals.
The Pleasures of Taste
- Sweet foods induce smiling and sucking in infants.
- Sour foods trigger pursing of the lips.
- Bitter foods lead to gaping and spitting.
Taste Adaptation and Cross-adaptation
- Sensory systems adapt to constant stimuli.
- Cross-adaptation occurs when one taste affects another.
Genetic Variation in Taste Experience
- Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and propylthiouracil (PROP) experiences dramatic differences.
Supertasters, Nontasters
- Supertasters have a high density of fungiform papillae and perceive taste intensely.
- Nontasters only detect certain bitters at high concentrations.
Health Consequences of Taste
- Variations in taste affect food preferences and diet.
- Bitter tastes can deter people from eating vegetables rich in bitterness.
Regulating Food Intake
- Sensory-specific satiety reduces appetite for a recently consumed food.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the gustatory system, including the differences between taste and flavour. Explore the anatomy of papillae and the role of taste buds in flavor perception. This quiz covers essential concepts about how our taste senses function and interact with olfactory sensations.
