Biology Chapter on Reproduction

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of metallic lattices?

They consist of dense, strong arrangements of atoms. (correct)

They are only found in liquid metals.

They are composed of molecules.

They form gas-like structures.

Which of the following describes a unique property of metals in their lattice structures?

They remain solid at room temperature, except for one element. (correct)

They can form volatile compounds.

They can exist at any temperature.

They are generally gaseous at room temperature.

What percentage of the elements are categorized as metals?

50%

70%

80% (correct)

90%

Which of the following statements is true regarding the arrangement of atoms in metals?

They form rigid, structured lattices. Signup and view all the answers

What shape is the prostate gland typically described as?

Walnut-shaped Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is an exception to the general state of metals at room temperature?

Mercury Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions associated with the prostate gland?

Makes urination more difficult Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a consequence of prostate function?

More difficult to ejaculate Signup and view all the answers

The prostate gland surrounds which part of the male anatomy?

Urethra Signup and view all the answers

What might be a physiological effect of prostate enlargement?

Difficulty in urinating Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process described by deposition?

The process of material being deposited in a new location Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a force responsible for deposition?

Volcanic activity Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would deposition likely occur?

During a heavy rainstorm that causes flooding Signup and view all the answers

How does deposition contribute to the formation of new landforms?

By creating layers of sediment that build up over time Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines the materials involved in deposition?

They are transported by wind, water, or ice Signup and view all the answers

Which non-metallic element is known to form crystal lattices?

Carbon Signup and view all the answers

What structure do carbon atoms form in graphite?

Sheets stacked on top of each other Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of carbon lattice?

Silicon carbide Signup and view all the answers

How is the arrangement of atoms in diamond different from that in graphite?

Atoms in diamond are arranged in a three-dimensional tetrahedral structure, while in graphite they are in sheets Signup and view all the answers

Which property is primarily associated with the structure of graphite?

Electrical conductivity Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of thermal expansion and contraction in materials?

Materials can experience cracking due to stress Signup and view all the answers

Which process contributes to the widening of cracks in rocks during freeze-thaw cycles?

The expansion of water when it freezes Signup and view all the answers

How do plant roots contribute to the weathering of rocks?

They grow into cracks and exert pressure Signup and view all the answers

What role does abrasion play in the weathering of rocks?

It involves the sediment grinding against rocks Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factor is least involved in the physical weathering process described?

Ion exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the average length of the menstrual cycle in females?

28 days Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages is NOT part of the menstrual cycle?

Fertilization Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of the menstrual cycle does the body prepare for a potential pregnancy?

Extra nutrients/blood for potential baby Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the 'tear down' phase of the menstrual cycle?

The uterine lining is shed Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if there is no fertilization during the menstrual cycle?

Menstrual bleeding begins Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reproduction

Reproduction is the process by which parents produce new individuals, called offspring.
The two main methods of reproduction are sexual and asexual.
Sexual reproduction typically requires two parents.
Asexual reproduction means it only requires one parent.
Sexual reproduction occurs when sperm from a male fertilizes an egg from a female.
Sperm and eggs are called gametes.
Fertilization results in a zygote.
Some species have individuals with both male and female sex organs, called hermaphrodites (e.g., snails, fish).
Cells normally reproduce by splitting into two identical cells, a process called mitosis.
Sperm and eggs are formed by a different type of cell division called meiosis.
Each gamete has half the genetic information of a normal cell.
Fertilization combines the genetic material to form a complete set of instructions for the offspring.
The fertilized cell (zygote) will divide repeatedly by mitosis to form a new individual.

Reproduction in Animals

Males have testes that produce sperm.
Sperm travel out of the body through a sperm duct.
Females have ovaries that produce eggs.
Eggs travel through oviducts.
Internal fertilization occurs inside the female's body (e.g., mammals, some water animals).
External fertilization occurs outside the female's body (e.g., most fish).

Comparing Reproductive Organisms: Flowers & Pollination

The change in form and structure of an individual from zygote to adult.
Development in animal life internally, where the young one remains in the mother's body until birth (e.g., cats, dogs...).
Sexual reproduction in plants involves the formation of gametes in flowers.
Pollen is produced in the anther and is transferred to the stigma (pollination).
The pollen grain grows into a pollen tube that reaches the ovary.
The male gamete joins the female gamete (in the ovule) and a seed develops.

Asexual Reproduction

No joining of egg and sperm.
The young grows from part of the parent's body or from an unfertilized egg.
The offspring is a clone of the parent.
Methods include budding, fission, and parthenogenesis.

Cloning

The process of producing genetically identical individuals through reproduction.
Involves asexual reproduction.
Examples include plant cloning (tissue culture, cuttings)
Clones are produced from a single parent.

Cloning in Agriculture

Used to copy plants with desirable characteristics.
Produces a crop of identical plants.

Cloning Plants

Involves taking small sections from a desirable plant.
Growing these sections into complete new plants.

Plant Tissue Culture

A laboratory method of cloning plants.
Inexpensive but widely used.

Cell Tissue Culture

Cloning individual cells instead of plant parts.
Plants may differ from parent plant due to cell division.
Used for propagation of desired characteristics in plants.

Roles of human reproductive systems

The role of the female reproductive system is to produce a baby.
The role of the male reproductive system is to produce and deliver sperm.
The main female reproductive structures are: Ovaries, fallopian tubes (oviducts), uterus, cervix, and vagina.
The main male reproductive structures are Testes, Epididymis, Vas Deferens (Sperm Duct), Seminal Vesicles, Urethra, Prostate Gland.

Development

Ovulation is when mature eggs are released into fallopian tubes.
Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes.
The zygote develops into an embryo, then a fetus.
The fetus develops in the uterus until birth.
The cervix opens to allow the baby to exit through the vagina.

Substances and Change

Everything consists of small building blocks called atoms.
Only about 100 different types of atoms exist.
Chemical reactions involve reorganizing atoms and form new substances.

The Atom

Atoms consist of neutrons, protons, and electrons.
Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus and carry a + charge or no charge.
Electrons surround the nucleus, and carry a negative charge.

Elements

An element is a substance that is formed by a single type of atom.
Elements have their own set of unique characteristics and properties.

Periodic Table

118 known elements are arranged in a table.
Elements are ordered based on their properties and atomic structure.
Elements in the same column (group) have similar properties.
Elements in the same row (period) have similar properties.

Chemical Symbols

Abbreviations for the name of each element.
A shorthand way to write the elements.
Sometimes chemical symbol doesn't relate to its name (e.g. Potassium is K)

Atoms in Elements

Atoms in elements can exist as single atoms, in clusters (molecules).
Or in large grid-like structures (crystal lattices)
Arrangement of atoms within an element determines the element's properties (e.g., its state of matter at room temp, ability to conduct electricity, reaction with other substances).

Molecular Formulas

Representations of molecules composed of atoms.
Subscripts denote the number of each type of atom in the molecule.

Chemical and Physical Change

Physical change alters a substance's appearance without changing its chemical identity. (Example Cutting paper in half)
Chemical changes involve altering the chemical composition (Example burning wood into ashes)

Terms for Change

Definitions for different types of changes (e.g., Melting, Freezing, Condensation)
Chemical equations are a shorthand way to represent chemical reactions.
Reactants are the substances that undergo the reaction.
Products are the substances formed in the reaction.

Energy

Energy exists in many different forms (kinetic, potential, sound, light, electrical).
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, and potential energy is stored energy.
Energy can be transferred between objects.

Energy Transfer

Energy is transferred when there is a change in state of matter.
Energy is transferred between objects as heat.
Heat transfer can happen through conduction, convection or radiation.
Conduction happens when heat energy is transferred through direct contact (e.g., touching a hot pan).
Convection happens when heat energy is transferred by the movement of fluids (e.g., warm air rising).
Radiation happens when heat energy is transferred through space (e.g., feeling the heat of the sun).

Sound Energy

Sound is produced by vibrations.
Sound travels as waves through the air (or other medium).
The speed of sound depends on the material the sound travels through.
The properties of sound are characterized by pitch, frequency, wavelength, and loudness.

Light Energy

Light Energy travels as waves that do not need a medium to travel.
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
Light energy is characterized by the wave properties of frequency and wavelength. The colour of light is determined by its wavelength.

Geology

Geology is the science of the Earth's physical structure and substances.
Scientists study the layers of the Earth and their composition.
Scientists study rocks and their formation.

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Description

This quiz explores the process of reproduction, distinguishing between sexual and asexual methods. Learn about gametes, fertilization, and the formation of zygotes. Test your knowledge on cell division types like mitosis and meiosis.