Biology Chapter on Reproduction

Reproduction

• Reproduction is the process by which parents produce new individuals, called offspring.
• The two main methods of reproduction are sexual and asexual.
• Sexual reproduction typically requires two parents.
• Asexual reproduction means it only requires one parent.
• Sexual reproduction occurs when sperm from a male fertilizes an egg from a female.
• Sperm and eggs are called gametes.
• Fertilization results in a zygote.
• Some species have individuals with both male and female sex organs, called hermaphrodites (e.g., snails, fish).
• Cells normally reproduce by splitting into two identical cells, a process called mitosis.
• Sperm and eggs are formed by a different type of cell division called meiosis.
• Each gamete has half the genetic information of a normal cell.
• Fertilization combines the genetic material to form a complete set of instructions for the offspring.
• The fertilized cell (zygote) will divide repeatedly by mitosis to form a new individual.

Reproduction in Animals

• Males have testes that produce sperm.
• Sperm travel out of the body through a sperm duct.
• Females have ovaries that produce eggs.
• Eggs travel through oviducts.
• Internal fertilization occurs inside the female's body (e.g., mammals, some water animals).
• External fertilization occurs outside the female's body (e.g., most fish).

Comparing Reproductive Organisms: Flowers & Pollination

• The change in form and structure of an individual from zygote to adult.
• Development in animal life internally, where the young one remains in the mother's body until birth (e.g., cats, dogs...).
• Sexual reproduction in plants involves the formation of gametes in flowers.
• Pollen is produced in the anther and is transferred to the stigma (pollination).
• The pollen grain grows into a pollen tube that reaches the ovary.
• The male gamete joins the female gamete (in the ovule) and a seed develops.

Asexual Reproduction

• No joining of egg and sperm.
• The young grows from part of the parent's body or from an unfertilized egg.
• The offspring is a clone of the parent.
• Methods include budding, fission, and parthenogenesis.

Cloning

• The process of producing genetically identical individuals through reproduction.
• Involves asexual reproduction.
• Examples include plant cloning (tissue culture, cuttings)
• Clones are produced from a single parent.

Cloning in Agriculture

• Used to copy plants with desirable characteristics.
• Produces a crop of identical plants.

Cloning Plants

• Involves taking small sections from a desirable plant.
• Growing these sections into complete new plants.

Plant Tissue Culture

• A laboratory method of cloning plants.
• Inexpensive but widely used.

Cell Tissue Culture

• Cloning individual cells instead of plant parts.
• Plants may differ from parent plant due to cell division.
• Used for propagation of desired characteristics in plants.

Roles of human reproductive systems

• The role of the female reproductive system is to produce a baby.
• The role of the male reproductive system is to produce and deliver sperm.
• The main female reproductive structures are: Ovaries, fallopian tubes (oviducts), uterus, cervix, and vagina.
• The main male reproductive structures are Testes, Epididymis, Vas Deferens (Sperm Duct), Seminal Vesicles, Urethra, Prostate Gland.

Development

• Ovulation is when mature eggs are released into fallopian tubes.
• Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes.
• The zygote develops into an embryo, then a fetus.
• The fetus develops in the uterus until birth.
• The cervix opens to allow the baby to exit through the vagina.

Substances and Change

• Everything consists of small building blocks called atoms.
• Only about 100 different types of atoms exist.
• Chemical reactions involve reorganizing atoms and form new substances.

The Atom

• Atoms consist of neutrons, protons, and electrons.
• Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus and carry a + charge or no charge.
• Electrons surround the nucleus, and carry a negative charge.

Elements

• An element is a substance that is formed by a single type of atom.
• Elements have their own set of unique characteristics and properties.

Periodic Table

• 118 known elements are arranged in a table.
• Elements are ordered based on their properties and atomic structure.
• Elements in the same column (group) have similar properties.
• Elements in the same row (period) have similar properties.

Chemical Symbols

• Abbreviations for the name of each element.
• A shorthand way to write the elements.
• Sometimes chemical symbol doesn't relate to its name (e.g. Potassium is K)

Atoms in Elements

• Atoms in elements can exist as single atoms, in clusters (molecules).
• Or in large grid-like structures (crystal lattices)
• Arrangement of atoms within an element determines the element's properties (e.g., its state of matter at room temp, ability to conduct electricity, reaction with other substances).

Molecular Formulas

• Representations of molecules composed of atoms.
• Subscripts denote the number of each type of atom in the molecule.

Chemical and Physical Change

• Physical change alters a substance's appearance without changing its chemical identity. (Example Cutting paper in half)
• Chemical changes involve altering the chemical composition (Example burning wood into ashes)

Terms for Change

• Definitions for different types of changes (e.g., Melting, Freezing, Condensation)
• Chemical equations are a shorthand way to represent chemical reactions.
• Reactants are the substances that undergo the reaction.
• Products are the substances formed in the reaction.

Energy

• Energy exists in many different forms (kinetic, potential, sound, light, electrical).
• Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, and potential energy is stored energy.
• Energy can be transferred between objects.

Energy Transfer

• Energy is transferred when there is a change in state of matter.
• Energy is transferred between objects as heat.
• Heat transfer can happen through conduction, convection or radiation.
• Conduction happens when heat energy is transferred through direct contact (e.g., touching a hot pan).
• Convection happens when heat energy is transferred by the movement of fluids (e.g., warm air rising).
• Radiation happens when heat energy is transferred through space (e.g., feeling the heat of the sun).

Sound Energy

• Sound is produced by vibrations.
• Sound travels as waves through the air (or other medium).
• The speed of sound depends on the material the sound travels through.
• The properties of sound are characterized by pitch, frequency, wavelength, and loudness.

Light Energy

• Light Energy travels as waves that do not need a medium to travel.
• Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
• Light energy is characterized by the wave properties of frequency and wavelength. The colour of light is determined by its wavelength.

Geology

• Geology is the science of the Earth's physical structure and substances.
• Scientists study the layers of the Earth and their composition.
• Scientists study rocks and their formation.

This quiz explores the process of reproduction, distinguishing between sexual and asexual methods. Learn about gametes, fertilization, and the formation of zygotes. Test your knowledge on cell division types like mitosis and meiosis.