Biology Chapter on Reproduction and Meiosis

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of asexual reproduction, as mentioned in the content?

Pollination (correct)

Cuttings

Runners

Spores

Which of the following organisms reproduces via spores?

Potatoes

Aspens

Fungi (correct)

Planaria

According to the content, which of the following is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

Offspring inherit genetic variation

Requires two organisms to reproduce

High energy requirements

Offspring are genetically identical (correct)

Which of the following reproductive methods involves a 'union of male and female reproductive cells'?

Sexual Reproduction (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction, as mentioned in the content?

Produces genetically varied offspring (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a plant that propagates through tubers?

Potatoes (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms listed in the content are known to reproduce using runners?

Strawberries and Spider Plants (D) Signup and view all the answers

Offspring produced through asexual reproduction are genetically identical. What disadvantage does this present?

They lack genetic diversity, making them vulnerable to environmental changes (A) Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

Prophase I (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the reduction division in meiosis?

It reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the nuclear membrane during prophase I of meiosis?

It breaks down. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes align at the middle of the cell?

Metaphase I (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of spindle fibers during anaphase I of meiosis?

They separate homologous chromosomes to opposite poles. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?

Meiosis I involves the separation of homologous chromosomes, while meiosis II involves the separation of sister chromatids. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the spindle fibers attaching to the chromosomes during metaphase II?

It ensures that the chromosomes are properly aligned at the metaphase plate. (B) Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of meiosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?

Anaphase II (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction related to offspring production?

It requires more time to mature. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines haploid?

Having half the genetic material. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In sexual reproduction, what is the main purpose of gametes?

To carry half the genetic information. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of meiosis?

Four genetically different haploid daughter cells. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the term 'diploid'?

The full set of chromosomes in body cells. (A), Double the number of chromosomes as a gamete. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary concept do Darwin's Finches provide evidence for?

Natural selection. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where are the male gametes produced in animals?

In the testes. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is associated with the gametes produced in plants?

Ova are produced in the ovule. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when the nucleus of the egg and sperm combine?

Zygote (A), Diploid nucleus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which process is described as pollen arriving on the stigma of a flower from the same plant?

Self-pollination (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the Fallopian tube in fertilization?

Location for fertilization (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of events in seed formation after pollination?

Pollination, Penetration, Fertilization, Germination (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to plant pollination?

Soil (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the stigma in the pollination process?

Receives pollen grains (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in a flower contains the ovule?

Pistil (D) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the penetration stage of seed formation?

The pollen tube grows (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a segment of DNA that determines a specific trait?

Gene (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two parents?

Sexual Reproduction (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of asexual reproduction?

Fertilization (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between 'nature' and 'nurture' in the context of an offspring's traits?

Nature refers to genetic inheritance, while nurture refers to environmental influences. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of asexual reproduction is characterized by a parent organism dividing into two identical daughter cells?

Binary Fission (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is an example of an organism that reproduces through budding?

Hydra (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of mitosis in the context of asexual reproduction?

Creation of two identical daughter cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between heredity and traits?

Traits are the physical manifestation of heredity, passed down through genes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of events during fertilization in humans?

The sperm meets the egg in the fallopian tube, the sperm head reacts with the egg membrane, the nucleus of the sperm enters the egg, the egg's membrane hardens. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ploidy of the zygote formed after fertilization?

Diploid (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these processes is NOT a characteristic of meiosis but IS characteristic of mitosis?

Cell division for growth & repair. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of meiosis?

To create daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens during telophase II of meiosis?

The nuclear membrane reforms, and the chromosomes decondense (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the female gamete?

Contains a paternal chromosome (A) Signup and view all the answers

During fertilization, what is the primary function of the egg's membrane hardening?

Preventing additional sperm from entering the egg. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is formed when the sperm and egg nuclei fuse?

Zygote (C) Signup and view all the answers

What makes up the sides of the DNA ladder?

Sugar and phosphate (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do the nitrogenous bases bond together in the DNA molecule?

Hydrogen bonds (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself?

Replication (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in DNA?

Uracil (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous bases always pair up in DNA?

Adenine and Thymine (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond holds the sugar and phosphate groups together in a DNA molecule?

Covalent bonds (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall shape of a DNA molecule?

Double helix (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the sugar found in DNA?

Deoxyribose (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of events during mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (C) Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of mitosis do chromosomes become visible?

Prophase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the nuclear membrane during telophase?

It starts to reform around the chromosomes. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of spindle fibers during anaphase?

They pull the chromosomes apart to opposite poles of the cell. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

Mitosis involves nuclear division, while cytokinesis involves cytoplasmic division. (A) Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of mitosis are chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell?

Metaphase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chromosomes during telophase?

They uncoil and become less visible. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In what stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Interphase (C) Signup and view all the answers

What did Rosalind Franklin discover about DNA?

DNA is a double helix. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

mRNA carries genetic instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains the sugar ribose. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a gene mutation?

Gene mutations can lead to changes in the amino acid sequence of a protein. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the S phase of the cell cycle?

DNA replication and duplication of chromosomes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of James Watson and Francis Crick's contribution to our understanding of DNA?

They created the first model of DNA based on Rosalind Franklin's research. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How can a mutation in a gene impact the production of a protein?

Mutations can alter the amino acid sequence of a protein, potentially impacting its function. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during cytokinesis in animal cells?

The cytoplasm divides by a process called 'pinching'. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the time spent in interphase compare to mitosis?

More time in interphase than in mitosis. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of centromeres during cell division?

They hold the chromatids together. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the growth and function of the cell before division?

Interphase (C) Signup and view all the answers

What nitrogen base will pair with 'G' during DNA replication?

T (C) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes chromatids in relation to chromosomes?

Chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which base correctly pairs with 'A' in DNA?

T (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the complementary DNA strand for the sequence GCTAATCGAC?

CGATTAGCTG (D) Signup and view all the answers

During transcription, which nitrogen base will replace thymine in RNA?

U (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the DNA sequence AGCTAGGGC, what is the complementary DNA sequence?

TCGATCCCG (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of DNA replication?

To ensure genetic information is copied (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogen base does not belong to DNA?

Uracil (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly referred to as the building block of DNA?

Nucleotide (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for breaking down and recycling waste in the cell?

Lysosomes (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is responsible for packaging and transporting proteins within the cell?

Golgi Apparatus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is responsible for providing energy (ATP) for the cell?

Mitochondria (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a plant cell and an animal cell?

Plant cells have a cell wall, animal cells do not. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

To regulate what enters and exits the cell. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is responsible for producing proteins?

Ribosomes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure of the cell membrane?

It is a double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is credited with discovering microscopic organisms in water, which he named 'animalcules'?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why do muscle cells require more mitochondria than other types of cells?

Muscle cells need more energy for movement. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane in a prokaryotic cell?

To control the movement of substances in and out of the cell (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle in a prokaryotic cell is responsible for storing genetic material?

Nucleoid (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells that differentiates them from eukaryotic cells?

Presence of membrane-bound organelles (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pili in a prokaryotic cell?

To attach to surfaces and other cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cytoplasm in a prokaryotic cell?

To provide a medium for cellular reactions and processes (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the cell wall in a prokaryotic cell?

It provides structural support and protection (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell?

To synthesize proteins (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of flagella in prokaryotic cells?

Aid in mobility (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for containing the cell's DNA in eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?

Synthesize proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of the cytoplasm in a cell?

It surrounds organelles and supports them (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell membrane?

To regulate substance entry and exit (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is specifically responsible for channeling transport with ribosomes attached?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the function of pili in prokaryotic cells?

Help in attachment to surfaces (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is only found in plant cells?

Chloroplasts (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Asexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction creates offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
No mate is needed
Several types of asexual reproduction exist, including binary fission, budding, vegetative reproduction (propagation), fragmentation, and spores.
Examples of organisms that reproduce asexually include bacteria, protists, ameobas, hydra, yeast, coral, flatworms, starfish, pothos, some plants, potatoes, tulips/daffodils, and aspen trees.

Sexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two parents
Genetically varied offspring result
Gametes (sex cells), such as sperm and egg cells, unite during fertilization to form a zygote
Examples of organisms that reproduce sexually are humans.

Heredity

Heredity describes the transmission of traits from parents to offspring through genes
Traits can be physical or behavioral characteristics

Genes

Genes are segments of DNA that determine traits
Each gene occupies a specific location on a chromosome

Offspring

Offspring are new living organisms produced by one or more parents
Sometimes called children

Nature vs. Nurture

Nature refers to the genetic traits inherited from parents
Nurture refers to the environmental factors that influence development throughout life
Both nature and nurture contribute to the characteristics of an individual

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

Large numbers of offspring can be produced quickly
Little or no energy is needed to find a mate
Little or no parental care is required
Only one parent is needed

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

Offspring are genetically identical, making them susceptible to the same diseases or environmental stressors
Extreme temperatures or diseases can wipe out entire colonies
Offspring can compete for resources

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

Greater genetic variation among offspring, increasing survival chances in changing environments
Exposure to conditions (like diseases/ harsh environments) while finding a mate are considered disadvantages of sexual reproduction

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

Takes time to find a mate and complete the process of fertilization
Fewer offspring are produced compared to asexual reproduction
Offspring may need to be nurtured

Types of Asexual Reproduction

Binary Fission (or Mitosis): A single cell replicates its DNA and divides into two identical daughter cells (ex: bacteria, protists, ameobas)
Budding: A new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on the parent organism, which eventually detaches (ex: hydra, yeast, coral)
Vegetative Reproduction (Propagation): New plants develop from vegetative parts of the parent plant (ex: stem cuttings, runners, tubers, suckers, spider plants)
Fragmentation: A piece of the parent organism breaks off and develops into a new individual (ex: flatworms, starfish)
Spores: Reproductive cells that can grow into new organisms (ex: molds, ferns)

Plant Pollination

Pollination involves the transfer of pollen from the male part of a flower (anther) to the female part (stigma)
Several pollination methods exist, including wind, water, insects, and animals.
Self-pollination occurs when pollen from the same flower pollinates the same flower
Cross-pollination is when pollen from one flower is transferred to another flower on a different plant

Fertilization

Fertilization is the process where male (sperm) and female (egg) gametes fuse, forming a zygote (diploid cell).
The zygote develops into an offspring.

Stages of Fertilization in Humans

Sperm meet the egg in a fallopian tube.
Sperm membranes react with egg membranes, breaking them down.
Sperm nucleus enters the egg.
Egg membranes become harder.
Egg and sperm nuclei combine to form a diploid zygote.

Meiosis

Meiosis is a two-stage cell division process that results in four haploid daughter cells, each carrying half the number of chromosomes as the original cell
Meiosis results in genetically unique cells
Meiosis has the important role in sexual reproduction (forming gametes)

Stages of Meiosis I

Prophase I: Nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs.
Metaphase I: Spindle fibers attach to homologous chromosomes, which line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
Telophase I and Cytokinesis: Chromosomes arrive at the poles, the nuclear membrane may reform, and the cell divides into two cells

Stages of Meiosis II

Prophase II: Chromosomes condense again if necessary, and spindle fibers form.
Metaphase II: Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell.
Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
Telophase II and Cytokinesis: Chromosomes arrive at the poles, a nuclear envelope forms, and the cytoplasm divides, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.

Gametes

Gametes are sex cells (sperm and egg) produced by meiosis.
They contain half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell (haploid)

Diploid

Diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)
The human diploid number is 46

Haploid

Haploid cells contain only one set of chromosomes
The human haploid number is 23

Mitosis

Mitosis is a process of cell division that produces two identical diploid daughter cells
It is essential for growth and repair in organisms

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Test your knowledge on asexual and sexual reproduction with this quiz. It covers key concepts like the advantages and disadvantages of different reproductive methods, as well as the stages of meiosis. Perfect for students studying biology or preparing for exams.