Heredity Test Review Solution Set PDF

Test Day: Monday - Friday ? Name: Key Science 9: Biology Test 3 Review Asexual Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction, Meiosis, Fertilization Define Heredity: The passage of biological traits or characteristics from parent...

Test Day: Monday - Friday ? Name: Key Science 9: Biology Test 3 Review Asexual Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction, Meiosis, Fertilization Define Heredity: The passage of biological traits or characteristics from parents to offspring through the in heritance of genes. Define Traits: A genetically determined characteristic or condition. They can be physical or behavioral, like eye color or nesting in bir birds. Define Genes: A segment of DNA occupying a specific place on a chromosome that is the basic unit of heredity. They determine Define Offspring: New living things that come from one or more parents. Often called children. What does it mean when someone talks about offspring in terms of “nature vs nurture"? Nature is all the parts we get from our parents genes that make us who we are when we are born. Nurture is the way the world around us acts upon us and changes us as we live and grow. our nature and our nurture form who we are as individuals. Define Asexual Reproduction: the formation of (identica)) offspring in the absence of a mate. Complete the following table: Type: Description : Examples of Organisms that Reproduce this way:  traits. its. Binary Fission (or Mitosis) The cell replicates its DNA. The cytoplasm elongates, and then divides Two daughter cells form. One-celled organisms such as: - Bacteria - Protists - Ameobas Budding Spores Fragmentation Vegetative Reproduction (Propagation) The parent produces.hydra a small bud, or smaller version of yeast itself. Coral The bud either detaches  and forms a new Individual or stays attached forming a colony. moulds ferns one organism will fungi produce many spores (which seeds). They are act like produced by one parent not the union of two cells. When a fragment or piece of an organism breaks or is cut off the parent and forms a new individual. Starfish flatworms (like planaria) Some plants, ex- pothos and shake plants reproduce via cuttings. Plant reproduction. strawberries that does not involve seeds. fragmentation (cutting) runners grafting tubers  Suckers spider plants potatoes tulips/daffodils aspen trees Please complete the following table: Advantages of Asexual Reproduction 1) Large #'s of offspring 2) No energy needed to find amate. 3) Little or no parental care 4) Only one organism needed. Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction 1) offspring are clones (disease or harmful mutation can destroy a large group) 2) Extreme temperatures can wipe out entire colonies. 3) offspring compete for resources like food and space. Define Sexual Reproduction: The reproduction of organisms by the union of male and femal reproductive cells (gametes). Genetically varied offspring produced by two parents. Please complete the following table: Advantages of Sexual Reproduction Genetic Variation which allows more organisms to survive in changing environments. Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction 1) Takes more time (finding a mate, fusion of gametes ) 2) Exposure to conditions (disease, preditors, harsh environment) when finding a mate 3) Fewer offspring 4) Offspring take longer to mature. 5) offspring may need to be raised. In class we talked about Darwin's Finches and how they supported the theory of evolution by natural selection. What do you remember about the theory from class, and how do they support this theory? Darwin's Theory of Evolution by natural selection is when variation in sexual reproduction (sometimes caused by mutations) causes changes to a population by favouring desirable traits, which can create new species Darwin's Finches from the galapagos all evolved different traits depending on what island they were on and what they eat (ex: the size and shape of the beak). What are gametes? Gametes are sex cells produced by organisms containing half the number of chromosomes in a normal body cell. They are haploid. In animals: The male gamete is called Sperm cell The male gamete is produced in the testes The female gamete is called ovum legg cell The female gamete is produced in the In plants: The male gamete is called ovaries pollen The male gamete is produced in the anther The female gamete is called ovum legg cell The female gamete is produced in the ovule The process of producing gametes is called_melosi's What does haploid mean? half the genetic material (n) What does diploid mean? double the genetic material (an) What is the human haploid number? 23 What is the human diploid number? 46 How many stages are there in meiosis? a divisions w/4 stages each (8 stages) What is the result of meiosis? 4 haploid daughter cells all genetically different. The stages of Meiosis: Diagram Coregrate XX Stage Name  Propha se I Metaphas e| Description / Key events chromosomes condense nudear membrane disappears centrides more to Opposite poles homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs. spindle fibres attach to chromosomes homologous pairs line up in the middle of the cell (a lines). Vos bale  ww Anaphas e| -spindle fibres Telophase I (and cytokinesis) contract bringing homologous chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell. spindle fibres break up. nuclear membrane may reform. cytokinest's makes two cells REDUCTION DIVISION â cells are now  haploid. X Y Prophas e 11 Metaphase !! centrioles will move to opposite sides. spindle fibres reattach Spindle fibres line up chromosomes in the middle of the cell in single file.  Anaphase !! Spindle fibres contract and more sister chromatids to Opposite poles of the cell. Telophas e II nuclear membrane reforms. (and cytokinesis) Spindle fibres disappear chromosomes decondense 2 cells split into 4 cells. (a haploid cells become 4 haploid cells). Compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis in a Venn diagram below (you may need more space so you can make one in your notebook if you need):  Mitosis PMAT happens once Important for growth and repair process ends with a identical cells, both diploid Crossing over Never occurs. Mitosis is a cycle Interpha se occurs once before each process begins. Meiosis PMAT happens twice. needed to make gametes process ends with 4 different cells, all haploid. In prophase I crossing over occurs. Meiosis is NOT a cycle Define Fertilization: When male and female gametes combine and their nuclei fuse together to form one singular cell. Label the following: maternal chromosome paternal chromosome sperm cell (haploid) zygote (diploid) egg cell/ovum Chaploid) Word bank: Sperm, Ovum, Zygote, Paternal Chromosome, Maternal Chromosome, Diploid, Haploid  Explain the process of fertilization in humans. 1. The sperm meets the egg in the fallopian tube of the female reproductive system. 2. The head of the sperm reacts with the cell membrane of the egg and starts to break it down. 3. Their cell membranes fuse and the nucleus of the sperm enters the egg. 4. The eggs membrane becomes hard so no other sperm can enter 5. The nucleus of the egg and sperm combine to make a diploid nucleus that forms the zygote. Label the following: Zygote (fertilized egg) Fertilization Uterine tube Early cleavage Blastocys t Late blastocyst  Secondary oocyte оо fallopean e Ovary tube Ovulation uterus Endometrium Word bank: Fertilization, Fallopian tube, Ovary, Uterus Define Self-pollination: when pollen arrives on the stigma of a  flower from the same plant. Define Cross-pollination: when pollen lands on the stigma of a flower from a different plant (but the same kind of plant). How are plants pollinated? 1) wind -blown by the wind 2) water - carried by rain 3) Insects (Bees, Butterflies, moths, etc).-carried on their bodies. 4) Animals (Hummingbirds, Dogs, Deer, etc)-carried on their bodies. Label the following: stigma anther stamen filament style pistil petal sep al ovule Wordbank: anther, filament, ovary, petal, pistil, stamen, stigma, style How do plants form seeds? 17 Pollination - pollen grains must transfer to the stigma. 2) Germination -pollen tube grows toward the s toward the egg cell. 3) Penetration - pollen tube makes it all the way down the style to the ovule. 4) Fertilization - the nuclei of the pollen grain and The ovule fuse. 5) The Fertilized ovule then forms a SEED!