Biology Chapter on Reproduction and Epigenetics

False (B)

Under-methylation of the REELIN gene

<p>brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA methylation = Addition of a methyl group to DNA Histone modifications = Changes to histone proteins that affect DNA accessibility Chromatin remodeling = Rearrangement of chromatin structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is easier to turn genes on and off (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>21 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>develop</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Healthy gametes = Essential for fertilization Fallopian tubes = Where fertilization can occur Uterus = Where the baby developed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 1 in 6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>primary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High estrogen levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary infertility = Couples that have not had a child yet Secondary infertility = Couples that already have a child</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endometriosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ovarian issues, blocked fallopian tubes, endometriosis or hormonal issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>age</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA methyl transferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>180</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methylation = Lys and Arg Acetylation = Lys Phosphorylation = Ser and Thr Ubiquitination = Lys</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>energy from ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>200</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MeCP2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>unlimited</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypermethylation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene Overexpression = Hypomethylation Gene Silencing = Hypermethylation Tumour Suppressor Gene Repression = Deacetylation of histone 4, lysine 16</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The DNA sequence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>reprogramming</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>remember</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prader-Willi Syndrome = Learning difficulties, short stature, compulsive eating Angelman Syndrome = Learning difficulties, speech problems, seizures, jerky movements, unusually happy Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome = Overgrowth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical modifications of DNA and histones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>imprinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>copied</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resveratrol = Removes acetyl from histones Sulforaphane = Increased histone acetylation Vitamin B12 = Methionine synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to light (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agouti</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetics = Chemical modifications that change gene expression Epigenome = Overall pattern of epigenetic modifications Imprinting = Silencing of one parental copy of a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To test embryos for genetic disorders before implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>heel prick</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carrier testing = Done on families with a history of disease to detect carriers Prenatal testing = Testing done on a fetus to detect genetic disorders Newborn screening = Testing done on newborns, typically via a heel prick, to screen for various conditions Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) = Testing for genetic disorders on embryos before they are implanted</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased risk of premature births (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal spindle transfer and pronuclear transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic Gene Therapy = Gene therapy that targets body cells Germ-line Gene Therapy = Gene therapy that targets sperm and egg cells Enhancement Gene Therapy = Gene therapy used to enhance specific traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tumor formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To correct mutated genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To explain risks of certain diseases to families (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dietary changes can alter an organism's epigenome which can lead to changes in development and behavior.

A pattern of chemical modifications on DNA and associated proteins that regulate gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence.

Dietary factors, such as nutritional deficiencies or excessive consumption of certain substances, can influence epigenetic modifications.

The attachment of methyl groups to DNA, typically near gene promoters, which can repress gene expression.

Modifications to histone proteins (which package DNA), such as acetylation or methylation, can alter chromatin structure and affect gene expression.

The process of adding a methyl group (CH3) to a DNA molecule, which can silence gene expression.

A therapy that targets epigenetic changes, such as hypermethylation, to alter gene expression.

A technique that involves combining an egg and sperm in a laboratory setting to create an embryo, which is later implanted in the uterus.

The first successful IVF baby, born in 1978, marked a landmark in reproductive technology and opened up possibilities for infertile couples.

Essential components for successful reproduction, including healthy eggs and sperm, a site for fertilization, and a safe environment for the baby to develop.

The inability of a couple to conceive after one year of trying, or after six months if the woman is over 35 years old.

This type of infertility refers to couples who have never had a child before.

This type of infertility refers to couples who have had a child in the past.

A condition that affects the ovaries, potentially causing irregular periods, infertility, and other health issues.

A hormone crucial for the development and functioning of the female reproductive system.

The lining of the uterus, which sheds during menstruation.

A condition where the tissue that normally lines the uterus grows outside of it, often causing pain, irregular bleeding, and infertility.

A condition where the fallopian tubes become blocked, preventing sperm from reaching the egg.

A condition where the fallopian tubes are damaged, potentially making it difficult or impossible for a woman to conceive.

The age of the female partner is a key factor in infertility. The likelihood of conceiving decreases as the age of the female increases.

Epigenetics is the study of how changes in gene expression occur without altering the DNA sequence. It involves chemical modifications that control how and when our cells read the genetic blueprint.

The epigenome is the complete set of epigenetic modifications in an organism. It determines which genes are turned on or off in different cells, influencing their function and development.

All cells in an organism share the same set of genes (genome). However, the epigenome dictates which genes are active in specific cells, resulting in diverse cell types and functions.

The epigenome must be reprogrammed during embryonic development to erase epigenetic tags inherited from parents. This allows embryonic cells to become any type of cell in the body.

Epigenetic memory allows cells to maintain their identity and function. Once a cell specializes, epigenetic tags help ensure it stays on its developmental path.

The epigenome is constantly adapting and changing based on environmental cues and internal signals. These signals trigger changes in gene expression, allowing cells to respond to changing conditions.

Internal signals, external factors, and hormonal signals influence the epigenome. These signals communicate with gene regulatory proteins, which control gene expression by adding or removing epigenetic tags.

Gene regulatory proteins are like molecular switches that can turn genes on or off. They either act directly or recruit enzymes to add or remove epigenetic tags, controlling gene expression.

Imprinting is a type of epigenetic inheritance where certain genes are silenced based on which parent they come from. This typically happens during gamete production and the epigenetic tag remains for life.

Imprinting is crucial for proper development. Having two active copies or no active copies of an imprinted gene can lead to developmental disorders, like Prader-Willi syndrome or Angelman syndrome.

Some epigenetic tags can be passed down through generations without imprinting, although proving this is complex. Changes in the epigenome across generations need to be observed over many generations to be confirmed.

The Dutch Hunger Winter provides a unique study group to examine the long-term effects of famine on the epigenome. Malnutrition during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, was linked to changes in birth weight and later health outcomes in offspring.

Dietary components, especially those containing epigenetic modifiers like acetyl and methyl groups, play a crucial role in shaping the epigenome. These modifications have the potential to alter gene expression and influence health outcomes.

The Agouti gene in mammals demonstrates the impact of epigenetic modifications on phenotypes. Methylation of the Agouti gene leads to normal brown mice, while lack of methylation results in fat, yellow mice.

The diet of the pregnant mother can have lasting effects on the offspring's epigenome. Similarly, the infant's diet can influence their lifelong health. Even in adults, dietary changes can affect gene expression, though these effects may be reversible.

DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are enzymes responsible for catalyzing the addition of methyl groups to DNA. There are different types of DNMTs, including de novo DNMTs that establish methylation patterns and maintenance DNMTs that maintain these patterns during DNA replication.

A process where a cytosine base within DNA is flipped 180 degrees. This allows DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) to access and directly interact with the cytosine base, facilitating the methylation process.

A natural process of DNA methylation loss during DNA replication. It occurs when the newly synthesized DNA strand lacks the methyl group, resulting in a decrease in methylation levels over time.

An active process that involves specific enzymes removing methyl groups from DNA. This is a controlled process, unlike passive demethylation, and involves pathways like base excision repair or mismatch repair.

Protrusions from histone proteins that are the target of various modifications, including methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. These modifications play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by altering the structure of chromatin.

A histone modification where a methyl group is added to lysine or arginine residues. Unlike acetylation, methylation doesn't have a single effect on gene expression. It can either repress or activate transcription depending on the specific amino acid residues modified.

Enzymes responsible for adding methyl groups to histone proteins, specifically at lysine or arginine residues. These enzymes play a significant role in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression.

Enzymes that remove methyl groups from histone proteins, reversing the effects of histone methylation. They help regulate gene expression by maintaining dynamic control over chromatin structure.

A histone modification where an acetyl group is added to lysine residues. This typically leads to increased gene expression, as acetylation makes DNA more accessible to transcription factors.

Enzymes responsible for adding acetyl groups to histone tails, often leading to increased gene expression.

Enzymes that remove acetyl groups from histone tails, often resulting in decreased gene expression.

A process that involves altering the positioning and structure of nucleosomes. This requires energy from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and can involve moving, ejecting, or restructuring nucleosomes to regulate gene expression.

A type of non-coding RNA, over 200 nucleotides long, involved in various cellular processes, including development and regulation of gene expression. It plays diverse roles by interacting with DNA, RNA, and proteins.

A short non-coding RNA segment containing around 200 CGG repeats within a gene. It leads to methylation and silencing of the FMR1 gene, contributing to fragile X syndrome.

A technique used to overcome mitochondrial disorders, where the mother's chromosomes are combined with a donor's mitochondria, resulting in a baby with genetic material from three individuals.

A method for multi-parent IVF where material is swapped between the mother and donor egg before fertilization. The mother's nucleus is implanted inside the donor's egg.

A method for multi-parent IVF where material is swapped between the mother and donor egg after fertilization. The mother's nucleus is replaced with the donor's nucleus after fertilization.

A condition characterized by enlarged, fluid-filled ovaries. It can occur as a side effect of fertility medications.

A condition where a baby is born earlier than 37 weeks of gestation. It can be a consequence of IVF, but can also occur naturally.

A newborn weighing less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg) at birth. It can be a risk associated with IVF and other factors.

A condition where a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, typically in the fallopian tube. It can occur after IVF.

The inability of a male to father a child due to problems with sperm production, sperm delivery, or other factors. It can lead to the use of assisted reproductive technologies.

The use of laboratory techniques to assist with reproduction. It involves various techniques such as IVF, sperm donation, and egg donation.

A type of genetic testing that is performed voluntarily and aims to identify individuals who carry disease genes.

A type of genetic testing that may be required by law in certain situations. It helps to identify populations at high risk for a specific disease.

A test performed on newborns shortly after birth to identify certain genetic conditions. The test involves a heel prick and blood collection.

A genetic test performed on families or specific ethnic groups with a history of a particular disease. It helps to identify carriers and the risk of passing on the disease.

A type of genetic testing performed on a fetus during pregnancy. It can involve techniques like ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling.

A process that involves examining and testing embryos at the 6-8 cell stage after fertilization. It is used to diagnose genetic disorders and select embryos for implantation.

A type of prenatal testing that involves examining the polar body of an egg before fertilization. It helps to identify the X-chromosome and determine the risk of X-linked diseases.

A technique that involves using recombinant DNA technologies to correct defective genes. A normal gene is inserted to produce a functional protein.