Biology Chapter on Reproduction and Development
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of asexual reproduction?

  • Offspring are genetically distinct from the parent.
  • It requires male and female gametes.
  • Offspring are clones of the parent. (correct)
  • It involves the fertilization of gametes.

Which process describes the division of a single cell into two equal cells?

  • Binary Fission (correct)
  • Vegetative Propagation
  • Fragmentation
  • Budding

In which type of reproduction does fertilization occur?

  • Fragmentation
  • Binary Fission
  • Asexual Reproduction
  • Sexual Reproduction (correct)

What is the result of the fertilization process?

<p>Formation of a zygote (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of asexual reproduction involves an organism breaking into pieces?

<p>Fragmentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the production of gametes in animals?

<p>Meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do organisms respond to stimuli?

<p>By detecting and reacting to environmental changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method of vegetative propagation?

<p>Production of runners in strawberries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows a cell to divide and produce two identical daughter cells?

<p>Mitosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes unicellular organisms from multicellular organisms?

<p>Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the overall increase in size and mass of an organism?

<p>Organismal Growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes differentiation in the context of development?

<p>Cells becoming specialized for specific functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples best represents a unicellular organism?

<p>A bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the process by which cells and tissues arrange themselves into specific structures during development?

<p>Morphogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does multicellular organization provide to organisms?

<p>Specialization of cells for efficiency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does biology contribute to informed decision-making in everyday life?

<p>By helping understand human actions' impact on the planet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of growth do different parts of the body grow at different rates?

<p>Allometric Growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the series of progressive changes an organism undergoes from conception to maturity?

<p>Development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cellular organization do protozoa exhibit?

<p>They are unicellular eukaryotic organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which life stage is characterized by substantial growth between the zygote and the adult form?

<p>Juvenile (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental trait distinguishes all living organisms from non-living matter?

<p>Cellular organization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of reproduction in multicellular organisms?

<p>It enables genetic continuity and evolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about algae is correct?

<p>Some algae can photosynthesize and are unicellular. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does understanding evolution play in biology?

<p>It promotes a connection with other life forms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of xylem in plants?

<p>Transport nutrients from roots to leaves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is mainly responsible for transmitting signals in animals?

<p>Nerve cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes catabolism?

<p>Breaking down complex molecules releasing energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of life according to cellular organization?

<p>Cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of development involves an increase in cell number?

<p>Cellular growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of fungi that distinguishes it from plants and animals?

<p>Cell wall made of chitin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an organism in terms of cellular organization?

<p>Multiple organ systems working together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anabolism is primarily responsible for which of the following processes?

<p>Building complex molecules from simpler ones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stimuli do plants respond to by growing toward light?

<p>Physical Stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of sensory receptors in response to stimuli?

<p>To detect stimuli and transmit sensory information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is responsible for processing sensory information in animals?

<p>Nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a biological stimulus?

<p>Pheromones in social insects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of motor neurons in the response process?

<p>To relay signals from the central nervous system to effectors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hormonal responses differ from nervous system responses?

<p>Hormonal responses involve chemical messengers in the bloodstream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes immediate responses to stimuli?

<p>They occur quickly without conscious thought (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stimuli would cause a withdrawal reflex from a hot surface?

<p>Physical Stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does biological science primarily study?

<p>The study of life and living organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a subfield of biological science?

<p>Astronomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does biology contribute to medical advancements?

<p>It aids in the development of treatments and vaccines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major impact of biological science on environmental conservation?

<p>Protection of endangered species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these roles does biology play in agriculture?

<p>Improving crop yields and pest control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding life processes through biology?

<p>It provides insight into how organisms grow and interact (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biotechnology is a field that emerges from biological science. What does it primarily focus on?

<p>Genetic engineering and synthetic biology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is biology crucial for understanding climate change?

<p>It provides knowledge about species interactions and ecosystems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biological Science

The study of living organisms and life, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and interactions with the environment.

Levels of Biological Organization

The hierarchical arrangement of biological structures, starting from atoms to complex ecosystems.

Genetics

The study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms

Evolution

The process of change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Impact of Biology on Society

Biology influences various fields like medicine, agriculture, and technology.

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Medical Advancements

Biology enables the development of treatments, vaccines, and methods to combat disease.

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Environmental Conservation

Using biological knowledge to protect ecosystems and species, managing resources.

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Agriculture and Food Security

Using biology to increase crop yields, improve pest control, and maintain soil health for food production.

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Cellular Organization

All living things are made of one or more cells, the basic units of life.

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Unicellular Organisms

Organisms composed of a single cell that carries out all life functions.

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Bacteria

Simple, single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

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Protozoa

More complex single-celled organisms with membrane-bound organelles. Often found in water.

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Multicellular Organisms

Organisms made up of many cells that have specialized functions.

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Algae

Some are single-celled and can photosynthesize.

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Prokaryotic cells

Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (Example: bacteria).

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Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (Example: protozoa).

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Plant Cells

Multicellular organisms with specialized cells for photosynthesis, support (xylem and phloem), and reproduction (flowers).

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Animal Cells

Made of various cell types forming tissues and organs.

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Fungi

Multicellular (like mushrooms) or unicellular (like yeasts) with a cell wall made of chitin.

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Metabolism

All chemical reactions in a living organism, converting food to energy, for growth, repair, and maintenance.

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Catabolism

Breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

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Anabolism

Building complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

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Growth

Increasing size, mass, and volume of an organism or its parts.

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Mitosis

Cell division that produces two identical daughter cells, essential for growth and tissue repair.

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Cell Expansion

Cells grow larger by taking in water.

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Organismal Growth

Overall increase in size and mass of an organism, often observable in length, height, weight, and volume.

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Growth Rate

The speed at which an organism grows, influenced by species, environment, and genetics.

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Differentiation

Cells become specialized for specific functions.

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Morphogenesis

Cells and tissues arrange themselves to form specific structures.

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Allometric Growth

Different body parts grow at different rates, leading to shape changes.

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Isometric Growth

All parts of the organism grow at the same rate, maintaining proportions.

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Asexual Reproduction

A single organism produces offspring without the involvement of sex cells (gametes). Offspring are genetically identical clones.

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Binary Fission

A single-celled organism divides into two equal parts, each becoming a new organism. Common in bacteria.

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Budding

A new organism grows on the parent organism and eventually separates. Seen in yeast and hydra.

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Fragmentation

An organism breaks into pieces, and each fragment can develop into a new organism. Common in worms and starfish.

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Vegetative Propagation

New plants arise from vegetative parts like stems, leaves, or roots. Common in strawberries and potatoes.

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Sexual Reproduction

Involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells), resulting in offspring genetically different from both parents.

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Gamete Formation

Animals produce sperm (male) and egg (female) cells through meiosis. Plants produce pollen (male) and ovules (female).

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Fertilization

The fusion of sperm and egg (or pollen and ovule) forms a zygote, the first cell of a new organism. Can occur internally or externally.

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Physical Stimuli

Changes in factors like temperature, light, sound, and pressure that organisms respond to. Examples include plants growing towards light or animals fleeing loud noises.

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Chemical Stimuli

Organisms react to chemicals like pheromones, toxins, or nutrients. For example, the smell of food triggers salivation in animals.

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Biological Stimuli

Involves interactions with other living things like mating behaviors, territorial disputes, or predator-prey relationships. For example, a male bird displaying colorful feathers to attract a mate.

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Sensory Receptors

Specialized cells or structures that detect stimuli. Located in different parts of the body, like the skin, eyes, ears, and antennae.

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Nervous System's Role in Response

The nervous system processes sensory information and coordinates responses by transmitting signals from receptors to the central nervous system (CNS), integrating information, and then sending signals to effectors (muscles or glands) to generate an appropriate response.

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Hormonal Responses

Chemical messengers released into the bloodstream, influencing tissues and organs. For example, adrenaline is released during stress, triggering 'fight or flight' responses.

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Immediate Responses

Simple and fast reflex actions happening automatically without conscious thought. Examples include the knee-jerk reflex or withdrawing a hand from a hot surface.

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Complex Behaviors

More sophisticated responses involving learning and decision-making. For instance, animals learning to navigate a maze or humans solving complex problems.

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