Biology Chapter on Photosynthesis and Enzymes

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of photosynthesis?

Converts light energy to chemical energy (correct)

Stores energy in ATP

Absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere

Breaks down glucose to release energy

Where does cellular respiration predominantly occur in eukaryotic cells?

Chloroplasts

Golgi apparatus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Cytoplasm and mitochondria (correct)

Which of the following are the main products of photosynthesis?

Glucose and energy

C₆H₁₂O₆ and ATP

C₆H₁₂O₆ and O₂ (correct)

CO₂ and H₂O

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

Absorb light energy Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes anaerobic respiration?

It generates ATP without the use of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reactant in photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

How does cellular respiration differ from photosynthesis in terms of energy dynamics?

Photosynthesis stores energy while cellular respiration releases it Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the chloroplast is specifically involved in capturing light energy?

Thylakoid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

To capture solar energy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of light does chlorophyll NOT absorb effectively?

Green Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of photosynthesis is oxygen produced?

Light Dependent Reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NADPH in photosynthesis?

To carry electrons for later use Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main sets of reactions in photosynthesis?

Light Dependent and Calvin Cycle Reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes autotrophs?

Organisms that produce their own food/energy Signup and view all the answers

What happens to carbon dioxide in the Light Independent Reactions?

It is converted to glucose Signup and view all the answers

Where do the Light Dependent Reactions take place within the chloroplast?

In the thylakoid membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of electron carriers in biochemical reactions?

To hold electrons for later use Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organisms are capable of photosynthesis?

Autotrophs Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of photosynthesis is oxygen released?

Light Dependent Reactions Signup and view all the answers

What pigment in the chloroplasts is primarily responsible for capturing solar energy?

Chlorophyll a Signup and view all the answers

What is a key product of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

ATP and NADPH Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes chlorophyll's behavior in relation to light absorption?

It absorbs blue and red light but not green light. Signup and view all the answers

In the light independent reactions, what happens to carbon dioxide?

It is reduced to a carbohydrate. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of electron carrier mentioned?

ADP Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Structures and Functions

Chloroplasts are organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs. They contain thylakoids and stroma.
Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration. They have inner and outer membranes, cristae, and matrix.
Stomata are small openings on leaves that allow gas exchange (opening during the day for CO2 intake and closing at night to conserve water).
Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) comprises the xylem that transports water and minerals, and the phloem that transports sugars.

Enzyme Functions

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
Competitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor competes with the substrate for an enzyme's active site.
Non-competitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, altering its function.

Facts to Memorize

Photosynthesis equation: CO2 + H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + O2
Cellular respiration equation: C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
Main ATP production in cellular respiration occurs in the electron transport chain (ETC).
Chlorophyll absorbs primarily blue and red light wavelengths.

Reference Information

Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH.
Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) occur in the stroma and produce glucose.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, and the ETC in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Concept Comparisons (Photosynthesis vs Cellular Respiration)

Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy, storing it in glucose.
Cellular Respiration breaks down glucose to release energy.
Photosynthesis reactants: CO2, H2O, light energy.
Cellular Respiration reactants: C6H12O6, O2
Photosynthesis products: C6H12O6, O2
Cellular Respiration products: CO2, H2O, ATP
Photosynthesis location: Chloroplasts (thylakoids and stroma)
Cellular Respiration location: Mitochondria (cytoplasm and matrix)
Photosynthesis energy storage: Stores energy in glucose
Cellular Respiration energy release: Energy released from glucose

Steps of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH in the cytoplasm.
Krebs Cycle: This cycle uses acetyl CoA to produce CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 in the mitochondrial matrix.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Uses O2 to produce H2O and generates 32-34 ATP in the mitochondrial membrane

Energy Yield

Total ATP yield from one glucose molecule is approximately 36-38 ATP (2 from glycolysis, 2 from Krebs cycle, 32-34 from the ETC).
Aerobic respiration is more efficient in energy production than anaerobic processes

Fermentation Processes

Anaerobic respiration, in the absence of oxygen; cells generate energy through fermentation; allowing glycolysis to continue regenerating NAD⁺.
Fermentation happens in organisms living in oxygen-poor environments or during intense exercise.
Types of fermentation:
- Alcoholic fermentation: 2 pyruvate → 2 ethanol and 2CO2 (yeast in brewing and baking)
- Lactic acid fermentation: 2 pyruvate → 2 lactate (muscle cells during strenuous exercise and some bacteria)

Photosynthesis Overview

Photosynthesis: Autotrophs convert solar energy to chemical energy stored in glucose in the chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts contain thylakoids (stacked in grana) where chlorophyll absorbs sunlight.
- Chlorophyll types (a and b) absorb blue and red light and reflect green.
Two sets of reactions:
- Light reactions (in thylakoid membranes): Water is split, oxygen is released, ATP and NADPH are produced.
- Calvin cycle (in stroma): ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose

Enzymes and Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions transform reactants into products, involving changes in chemical bonds.
Reactants are starting materials. Products are the substances formed after the reaction.
Spontaneous reactions release energy without external input; nonspontaneous reactions require energy.
Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a reaction to start.
Enzymes are biological catalysts; they accelerate reactions by lowering activation energy.
Enzymes can be denatured by extreme conditions (high heat, extreme pH, salinity), losing their functionality.

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Description

This quiz covers key structures like chloroplasts and mitochondria, as well as their functions in photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It also explores enzyme actions, including competitive and non-competitive inhibition. Test your understanding of these fundamental biology concepts!