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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of microscopes in scientific studies?
What is the main purpose of microscopes in scientific studies?
Who was the first person to observe unicellular movement?
Who was the first person to observe unicellular movement?
Which type of microscopy allows light to pass directly through a specimen?
Which type of microscopy allows light to pass directly through a specimen?
What is the definition of resolution in microscopy?
What is the definition of resolution in microscopy?
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Which of the following figures was NOT involved in developing the microscope?
Which of the following figures was NOT involved in developing the microscope?
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What limitation do stains used in microscopy typically have?
What limitation do stains used in microscopy typically have?
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Which of the following statements about compound microscopes is false?
Which of the following statements about compound microscopes is false?
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What innovation is credited to Hillier and Prebus?
What innovation is credited to Hillier and Prebus?
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What is NOT a recommended feature of a good biological drawing?
What is NOT a recommended feature of a good biological drawing?
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Which statement summarizes the cell theory?
Which statement summarizes the cell theory?
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Who conducted experiments in 1668 that questioned spontaneous generation?
Who conducted experiments in 1668 that questioned spontaneous generation?
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What key processes are performed by cells?
What key processes are performed by cells?
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What should a well-done biological drawing include?
What should a well-done biological drawing include?
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What did Louis Pasteur discover in his 1864 experiments?
What did Louis Pasteur discover in his 1864 experiments?
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What is a characteristic feature that distinguishes living things from non-living things?
What is a characteristic feature that distinguishes living things from non-living things?
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Which of the following is NOT considered living or non-living according to the cell theory?
Which of the following is NOT considered living or non-living according to the cell theory?
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What type of particles can pass through the lipid bilayer via simple diffusion?
What type of particles can pass through the lipid bilayer via simple diffusion?
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What is the primary characteristic of facilitated diffusion?
What is the primary characteristic of facilitated diffusion?
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What is the main difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?
What is the main difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?
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What process do cells use to transport liquids or solids into the cell?
What process do cells use to transport liquids or solids into the cell?
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During exocytosis, what happens to the vesicle after it fuses with the cell membrane?
During exocytosis, what happens to the vesicle after it fuses with the cell membrane?
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What is typically required for active transport to occur?
What is typically required for active transport to occur?
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What is the primary role of transport proteins in facilitated diffusion?
What is the primary role of transport proteins in facilitated diffusion?
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What type of molecules are usually moved during endocytosis?
What type of molecules are usually moved during endocytosis?
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What is the primary reason single-celled organisms may evolve into multicellular organisms?
What is the primary reason single-celled organisms may evolve into multicellular organisms?
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Which term describes a group of cells that perform the same function in an organism?
Which term describes a group of cells that perform the same function in an organism?
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What function does the root system primarily serve in plants?
What function does the root system primarily serve in plants?
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What do modified roots, such as aerial roots, primarily assist with?
What do modified roots, such as aerial roots, primarily assist with?
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Which system consists of all the parts of a plant above the ground?
Which system consists of all the parts of a plant above the ground?
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What is one example of modified shoots in plants?
What is one example of modified shoots in plants?
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How do multicellular organisms benefit from specialized cells, tissues, and systems?
How do multicellular organisms benefit from specialized cells, tissues, and systems?
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Which of the following does NOT describe the function of the shoot system?
Which of the following does NOT describe the function of the shoot system?
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What component is described as allowing the passage of substances in a cell?
What component is described as allowing the passage of substances in a cell?
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What model describes the structure of the cell membrane?
What model describes the structure of the cell membrane?
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Which of the following is NOT found in animal cells?
Which of the following is NOT found in animal cells?
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Which organelle is responsible for energy production in cells?
Which organelle is responsible for energy production in cells?
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Which of the following correctly identifies a function of the cell membrane?
Which of the following correctly identifies a function of the cell membrane?
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What are the primary components of the cell membrane?
What are the primary components of the cell membrane?
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Which cellular structure aids in maintaining cell shape in plant cells?
Which cellular structure aids in maintaining cell shape in plant cells?
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How is the movement of particles affected by temperature?
How is the movement of particles affected by temperature?
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What is one benefit of cellular specialization in organisms?
What is one benefit of cellular specialization in organisms?
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Where does photosynthesis primarily occur in a plant?
Where does photosynthesis primarily occur in a plant?
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How do spongy mesophyll cells contribute to leaf function?
How do spongy mesophyll cells contribute to leaf function?
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What is the primary role of xylem in plants?
What is the primary role of xylem in plants?
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What happens to the mineral concentration in the xylem sap as root cells bring in more minerals?
What happens to the mineral concentration in the xylem sap as root cells bring in more minerals?
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What is root pressure and its significance in plants?
What is root pressure and its significance in plants?
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Why is phloem tissue comprised of living cells necessary for plant function?
Why is phloem tissue comprised of living cells necessary for plant function?
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How does cohesion affect water movement in the xylem?
How does cohesion affect water movement in the xylem?
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Study Notes
Microscope History
- The inventor of the first microscope is debatable
- 1595: Zaccharias and Hans Janssen (Holland) produced a crude microscope with a 2-lens system
- 1610: Galileo (Italy) built a crude compound microscope
- 1665: Hooke (England) built a compound microscope with a 3-lens system
- 1673: Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (Holland) built a compound microscope and was the first person to view unicellular movement
- 1939: Hillier and Prebus (U of T, Canada) built the first electron microscope
- 1965: Stanford University (USA) built the first scanning electron microscope
Microscope Technology
- Microscopes allow viewing very small specimens
- Brightfield microscopy shows differences between specimen structures
- Stains are used to better distinguish structures
- Compound microscopes are used in labs, and light passes through the specimen.
Image Magnification
- Magnification is the number of times bigger an image is compared to the actual object
- It is determined by ocular and objective lenses working together
- Objective lenses have different power settings: low, medium, and high
- The field of view (FOV) is the area visible through the microscope
Microscope Calculations
- Formulas are used to calculate the FOV diameter at different powers
- Actual size of the specimen is estimated using FOV diameter
Biological Drawings
- Biological drawings need to meet specific requirements
- Use blank, unlined paper
- Drawings should take up ⅔ of the page
- Draw the image slightly off-center
- Use pencil
- Use lowercase letters in labels
- Labels are placed beside the line, not on it
- Use a ruler for lines
- Include title and actual size
- Use light pencil shading, and no dark lines.
Cell Theory
- Cell theory began as the idea life could arise spontaneously.
- In 1668, Francesco Redi challenged this with an experiment.
- In 1864, Louis Pasteur proved living things only come from other living things
- Cell theory says all living things are made of cells
The Cell
- Cells perform essential life functions and are made up of water and proteins
- Cells can grow and reproduce (like Lego sets) through building new proteins.
- DNA, stored in the nucleus, instructs protein production.
- Proteins are transported through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where they are folded and built.
- Some proteins are secreted by the cell, such as hormones.
- Two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exist in the cell, rough ER, and smooth ER
Energy Production
- Cells need nutrients to produce energy
- Cells are open systems, exchanging nutrients with their surroundings
- Glucose is a form of stored energy
- Cells transform glucose into other forms of energy
- This process is called a chemical reaction
- This process occurs in organelles called mitochondria
Cell Parts for Digestion, Response and Other Processes
- Cells need organelles to function
- Cells need to replace parts
- These organelles break down and recycle old cell parts
- Cells have lysosomes to digest and defend
Cell Organization
- Cells are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems in complex organisms.
- This is a response to a need for greater efficiency and surface area-to-volume size ratio to properly absorb nutrients and to eliminate waste
- Plants are also made up of cells, tissues, and organs
- Some parts of the plant (roots, stems, and leaves) are involved different functions, such as absorbing water, and carrying out photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- Plants use photosynthesis to make glucose+oxygen.
- This process occurs in the chloroplasts
- Cells use cellular respiration to release energy by breaking down glucose and oxygen, which occurs in the mitochondria.
- The processes are interlinked, and the products of one are the reactants of the other
Gas Exchange
- Plants exchange gases for photosynthesis
- This happens through specialized tissues on the plant
- Stomata in leaves are used for gas exchange
- Guard cells regulate opening and closing of stomata
Water Transport in Plants
- Water moves upwards in plants through xylem
- Several forces cause this: cohesion (attraction between water molecules) and adhesion (attraction between water molecules and other substances)
- Root pressure is when water pushes up into the xylem, usually pushing water a short distance
- The process of transpiration is when water evaporates from the leaves, creating tension within the xylem, pulling water upwards
- Water and minerals are transported to the rest of the plant through the xylem
Plant Control Systems
- Plants respond to changes in their environment in several ways, like phototropism, gravitropism, and other mechanisms.
Microscope Calculations
- Students calculate the field of view (FOV) and actual size of objects under a microscope
- Students calculate surface area, volume, and SA/V ratio for various cell shapes
Cell Transport
- Molecules move in and out of cells in several ways, like passive and active transport
- Passive transport does not require energy
- Active transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient
- The cell membrane acts like a gate, controlling what enters and exits
- Specialized proteins called channels and pumps assist in transport
- Cell membranes are selectively permeable
Cellular Transport Applications
- Dialysis is used to remove waste products from the blood.
- Hemodialysis is when blood is pumped through a semipermeable membrane.
- Peritoneal dialysis is when the membrane is inside the abdomen.
Additional Topics
- Parts of a plant
- Specialized cells in plants
- Roles of different parts of a plant
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Description
Test your knowledge on the essential concepts of microscopy and the foundational principles of cell theory in biology. This quiz covers the contributions of key scientists, the function of microscopes, and critical definitions related to cellular studies. Challenge yourself and reinforce your understanding of how microscopes have shaped scientific exploration.
