Biology Chapter on Microscopy and Cell Theory
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of microscopes in scientific studies?

  • To enhance the brightness of specimens
  • To make small things appear larger (correct)
  • To measure the size of cells accurately
  • To produce color images of cells

Who was the first person to observe unicellular movement?

  • Galileo
  • Zaccharias Janssen
  • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (correct)
  • Robert Hooke

Which type of microscopy allows light to pass directly through a specimen?

  • Brightfield microscopy (correct)
  • Phase contrast microscopy
  • Fluorescence microscopy
  • Darkfield microscopy

What is the definition of resolution in microscopy?

<p>The ability to distinguish between two closely placed structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following figures was NOT involved in developing the microscope?

<p>Thomas Edison (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation do stains used in microscopy typically have?

<p>They may alter the structure of the specimen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about compound microscopes is false?

<p>They use reflected light to view specimens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovation is credited to Hillier and Prebus?

<p>The first scanning electron microscope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a recommended feature of a good biological drawing?

<p>Use dark pencil strokes for clarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement summarizes the cell theory?

<p>All living things are made up of cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted experiments in 1668 that questioned spontaneous generation?

<p>Francesco Redi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key processes are performed by cells?

<p>Growth and Reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a well-done biological drawing include?

<p>The actual size recorded over the drawing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Louis Pasteur discover in his 1864 experiments?

<p>Microorganisms are present in the air. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature that distinguishes living things from non-living things?

<p>Ability to grow and reproduce (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered living or non-living according to the cell theory?

<p>Computer viruses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of particles can pass through the lipid bilayer via simple diffusion?

<p>Non-polar molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of facilitated diffusion?

<p>It allows water-soluble particles to pass through (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?

<p>Active transport requires energy to move against the gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do cells use to transport liquids or solids into the cell?

<p>Endocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During exocytosis, what happens to the vesicle after it fuses with the cell membrane?

<p>It releases its contents into the extracellular space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically required for active transport to occur?

<p>Energy input in the form of ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of transport proteins in facilitated diffusion?

<p>To create a passage for specific molecules to move across the membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules are usually moved during endocytosis?

<p>Liquids and solids of various sizes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason single-celled organisms may evolve into multicellular organisms?

<p>To increase their size beyond a single cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a group of cells that perform the same function in an organism?

<p>Tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the root system primarily serve in plants?

<p>Anchorage and water absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do modified roots, such as aerial roots, primarily assist with?

<p>Gathering water from the air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system consists of all the parts of a plant above the ground?

<p>Shoot system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of modified shoots in plants?

<p>Tubers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do multicellular organisms benefit from specialized cells, tissues, and systems?

<p>They allow for more complexity in life processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT describe the function of the shoot system?

<p>Absorbs water from the soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is described as allowing the passage of substances in a cell?

<p>Cell membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What model describes the structure of the cell membrane?

<p>Fluid Mosaic Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT found in animal cells?

<p>Chloroplast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for energy production in cells?

<p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies a function of the cell membrane?

<p>Selective permeability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the cell membrane?

<p>Lipids and proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure aids in maintaining cell shape in plant cells?

<p>Cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the movement of particles affected by temperature?

<p>Particle movement increases as temperature increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of cellular specialization in organisms?

<p>It enables cells to perform specific functions more efficiently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does photosynthesis primarily occur in a plant?

<p>In the chloroplasts of leaves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do spongy mesophyll cells contribute to leaf function?

<p>They facilitate gas exchange. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of xylem in plants?

<p>To move water and minerals from roots to other parts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the mineral concentration in the xylem sap as root cells bring in more minerals?

<p>It increases, aiding in water transport. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is root pressure and its significance in plants?

<p>It's the upward push of water in roots aiding nutrient transport. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is phloem tissue comprised of living cells necessary for plant function?

<p>Living cells facilitate sugar transport and communication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cohesion affect water movement in the xylem?

<p>It allows water molecules to stick together, facilitating upward movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Resolution

The ability to see differences between structures.

Light Microscope

A microscope that uses light to illuminate a specimen and magnify the image.

Staining

A type of microscopy that uses stains or dyes to highlight specific structures in a specimen.

Electron Microscope

A type of microscope that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of a specimen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Resolving Power

The ability to distinguish between two objects that are very close together.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Compound Microscope

A microscope that uses multiple lenses to magnify a specimen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immunofluorescence Microscopy

A type of microscopy that uses labeled antibodies to detect specific proteins in a specimen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Confocal Microscopy

A type of microscopy that uses lasers to scan a specimen and create a 3D image.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spontaneous Generation

A theory that states life can emerge spontaneously from non-living matter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biogenesis

The process where living things only originate from other living things.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Theory

A theory that states all living things are made of cells, all life functions occur within cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

First Tenet of Cell Theory

All living things are composed of one or more cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Second Tenet of Cell Theory

All life functions take place within cells, making them the fundamental unit of life.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Third Tenet of Cell Theory

All cells originate from pre-existing cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Exceptions to Cell Theory

Certain structures, like viruses, don't fit the criteria to be considered living or non-living.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Key Features of Living Things

Key features of living things include growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism, and organization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does selectively permeable mean in the context of the cell membrane?

The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell. It allows the passage of some substances while blocking others.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the fluid mosaic model?

The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cell membrane as a flexible and dynamic structure composed of phospholipids, proteins, and other molecules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the phospholipid bilayer?

The phospholipid bilayer is a double layer of phospholipid molecules that forms the structural basis of the cell membrane. The phospholipid heads are hydrophilic, attracted to water, while the tails are hydrophobic, repelled by water. This creates a barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the role of proteins in the cell membrane?

Proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer play a crucial role in the cell membrane. They act as channels, pumps, receptors, and enzymes, facilitating the transport of molecules across the membrane and performing various functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the particle model of matter?

The particle model of matter is a scientific model that explains the behavior of matter in terms of constantly moving particles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does temperature affect particle movement?

The movement of particles is influenced by temperature. Particles move more quickly at higher temperatures and slower at lower temperatures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does the particle model of matter explain transport across the cell membrane?

The particle model of matter helps to understand how substances move across the cell membrane. The movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration is a common example.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How are the cell membrane and the particle model of matter related to transport across the cell membrane?

The cell membrane's structure and the particle model of matter help explain how substances move across the cell membrane. This movement can occur through passive transport, which does not require energy, or active transport, which requires energy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Simple Diffusion

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane through specialized protein channels, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Active Transport

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient (from low to high concentration).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endocytosis

The process by which a cell engulfs large particles or liquids by forming a vesicle around them, bringing them into the cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Exocytosis

The process by which a cell releases large particles or liquids by enclosing them in a vesicle and fusing the vesicle with the cell membrane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Membrane Carriers

Transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane that help move specific molecules across the membrane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A type of energy-requiring active transport that moves substances like sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transport Vesicles

Tiny, membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within a cell, often involved in endocytosis and exocytosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Single-celled life

Single-celled organisms can live independently and carry out all life functions within a single cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tissue

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Organ

Different tissues working together to perform a more complex function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Organ System

A group of organs working together to carry out a major life function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Root System Function

The root system of a plant anchors the plant, absorbs water and minerals from the soil, and stores food.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Shoot System Function

The shoot system of a plant is responsible for photosynthesis, reproduction, and transporting substances throughout the plant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modified Roots

Modified roots are adaptations that allow roots to perform specialized functions beyond their typical roles, such as aerial roots for support or storage roots for food.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modified Shoots

Modified shoots are adaptations that allow shoots to perform specialized functions beyond their typical roles, such as tubers for food storage or tendrils for support.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

The ratio of a cell's surface area to its volume decreases as the cell grows larger.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why many cells, not one?

Many cells allow for a higher surface area to volume ratio, which is essential for efficient nutrient uptake and waste removal. This is because smaller cells have a larger surface area relative to their volume, allowing for more efficient exchange of materials with their environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does xylem transport?

Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does phloem transport?

Phloem transports sugars produced during photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is cohesion?

Cohesion is the force of attraction between molecules of the same substance. Example: Water molecules sticking to each other.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is adhesion?

Adhesion is the force of attraction between molecules of different substances. Example: Water molecules sticking to the walls of a xylem vessel.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is root pressure?

Root pressure is the upward pressure created by the movement of water from the roots to the xylem, driven by osmosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is transpiration?

Transpiration is the process of water evaporating from the leaves of a plant. This creates a tension (pull) that helps to draw water up from the roots through the xylem.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Microscope History

  • The inventor of the first microscope is debatable
  • 1595: Zaccharias and Hans Janssen (Holland) produced a crude microscope with a 2-lens system
  • 1610: Galileo (Italy) built a crude compound microscope
  • 1665: Hooke (England) built a compound microscope with a 3-lens system
  • 1673: Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (Holland) built a compound microscope and was the first person to view unicellular movement
  • 1939: Hillier and Prebus (U of T, Canada) built the first electron microscope
  • 1965: Stanford University (USA) built the first scanning electron microscope

Microscope Technology

  • Microscopes allow viewing very small specimens
  • Brightfield microscopy shows differences between specimen structures
  • Stains are used to better distinguish structures
  • Compound microscopes are used in labs, and light passes through the specimen.

Image Magnification

  • Magnification is the number of times bigger an image is compared to the actual object
  • It is determined by ocular and objective lenses working together
  • Objective lenses have different power settings: low, medium, and high
  • The field of view (FOV) is the area visible through the microscope

Microscope Calculations

  • Formulas are used to calculate the FOV diameter at different powers
  • Actual size of the specimen is estimated using FOV diameter

Biological Drawings

  • Biological drawings need to meet specific requirements
  • Use blank, unlined paper
  • Drawings should take up â…” of the page
  • Draw the image slightly off-center
  • Use pencil
  • Use lowercase letters in labels
  • Labels are placed beside the line, not on it
  • Use a ruler for lines
  • Include title and actual size
  • Use light pencil shading, and no dark lines.

Cell Theory

  • Cell theory began as the idea life could arise spontaneously.
  • In 1668, Francesco Redi challenged this with an experiment.
  • In 1864, Louis Pasteur proved living things only come from other living things
  • Cell theory says all living things are made of cells

The Cell

  • Cells perform essential life functions and are made up of water and proteins
  • Cells can grow and reproduce (like Lego sets) through building new proteins.
  • DNA, stored in the nucleus, instructs protein production.
  • Proteins are transported through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where they are folded and built.
  • Some proteins are secreted by the cell, such as hormones.
  • Two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exist in the cell, rough ER, and smooth ER

Energy Production

  • Cells need nutrients to produce energy
  • Cells are open systems, exchanging nutrients with their surroundings
  • Glucose is a form of stored energy
  • Cells transform glucose into other forms of energy
  • This process is called a chemical reaction
  • This process occurs in organelles called mitochondria

Cell Parts for Digestion, Response and Other Processes

  • Cells need organelles to function
  • Cells need to replace parts
  • These organelles break down and recycle old cell parts
  • Cells have lysosomes to digest and defend

Cell Organization

  • Cells are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems in complex organisms.
  • This is a response to a need for greater efficiency and surface area-to-volume size ratio to properly absorb nutrients and to eliminate waste
  • Plants are also made up of cells, tissues, and organs
  • Some parts of the plant (roots, stems, and leaves) are involved different functions, such as absorbing water, and carrying out photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  • Plants use photosynthesis to make glucose+oxygen.
  • This process occurs in the chloroplasts
  • Cells use cellular respiration to release energy by breaking down glucose and oxygen, which occurs in the mitochondria.
  • The processes are interlinked, and the products of one are the reactants of the other

Gas Exchange

  • Plants exchange gases for photosynthesis
  • This happens through specialized tissues on the plant
  • Stomata in leaves are used for gas exchange
  • Guard cells regulate opening and closing of stomata

Water Transport in Plants

  • Water moves upwards in plants through xylem
  • Several forces cause this: cohesion (attraction between water molecules) and adhesion (attraction between water molecules and other substances)
  • Root pressure is when water pushes up into the xylem, usually pushing water a short distance
  • The process of transpiration is when water evaporates from the leaves, creating tension within the xylem, pulling water upwards
  • Water and minerals are transported to the rest of the plant through the xylem

Plant Control Systems

  • Plants respond to changes in their environment in several ways, like phototropism, gravitropism, and other mechanisms.

Microscope Calculations

  • Students calculate the field of view (FOV) and actual size of objects under a microscope
  • Students calculate surface area, volume, and SA/V ratio for various cell shapes

Cell Transport

  • Molecules move in and out of cells in several ways, like passive and active transport
  • Passive transport does not require energy
  • Active transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient
  • The cell membrane acts like a gate, controlling what enters and exits
  • Specialized proteins called channels and pumps assist in transport
  • Cell membranes are selectively permeable

Cellular Transport Applications

  • Dialysis is used to remove waste products from the blood.
  • Hemodialysis is when blood is pumped through a semipermeable membrane.
  • Peritoneal dialysis is when the membrane is inside the abdomen.

Additional Topics

  • Parts of a plant
  • Specialized cells in plants
  • Roles of different parts of a plant

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Biology Student Notes with Workbook - Sept 2022 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the essential concepts of microscopy and the foundational principles of cell theory in biology. This quiz covers the contributions of key scientists, the function of microscopes, and critical definitions related to cellular studies. Challenge yourself and reinforce your understanding of how microscopes have shaped scientific exploration.

More Like This

Exploring Cell Theory and Microscopy Fundamentals
9 questions

Exploring Cell Theory and Microscopy Fundamentals

GallantNeptunium avatar
GallantNeptunium
Biology: Microscopy and Cell Theory
40 questions

Biology: Microscopy and Cell Theory

EnergyEfficientRing avatar
EnergyEfficientRing
Cell Biology: Theory and Microscopy
40 questions

Cell Biology: Theory and Microscopy

UnforgettableBowenite9208 avatar
UnforgettableBowenite9208
Cell Theory and Microscopy
61 questions

Cell Theory and Microscopy

PeerlessDryad avatar
PeerlessDryad
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser