Biology Student Notes with Workbook - Sept 2022 PDF

Name: _________________________ Science 10 Biology: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems Notes A. History of the Microscope microscopes ____________________________: used to make small things appear larger can be ______________, u...

Name: _________________________ Science 10 Biology: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems Notes A. History of the Microscope microscopes ____________________________: used to make small things appear larger can be ______________, using a only ______________________, or ______________________ which has _________________________ the inventor of the first microscope is debatable timeline: o 1595 – Zaccharias and Hans Janssen (Holland) produced a crude microscope with a 2 lens system o 1610 – Galileo (Italy) built a crude compound microscope. o 1665 – Hooke (England) built a compound microscope 3 lens system o 1673 – Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (Holland) first person to see unicellular movement o 1939 – Hillier and Prebus (U of T. Canada) built first electron microscope o 1965 – Stanford University (USA) first scanning electron microscope B. Microscopes microscopes enable us to see specimens that are very tiny _____________ is the ability to see differences between structures most cells are colourless when light passes directly through them in brightfield microscopy __________ can be used that attach to different parts of the cell, __________________________________________ and therefore the image eg) ______________________________________ unfortunately, stains _____________________________________ ____________________ is the _____________ of the image or ability to distinguish between _____________________________ that are very close together ________________________________________________________ in our labs, we use the compound research microscope uses _____________________ light (light passes through the specimen)  has ___________________________________ and ______________________________________________ used to look at ___________________________ specimens create an __________________ image (upside down and backwards) magnifies up to _______________ C. Microscope Technology enhanced our ability to see and study cell structure a few types are: 1. Electron Microscopes uses a ______________________________ to produce an image no color images since color requires light able to see great detail images are called ________________________ Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) beam of electrons passes through ______________________ imbedded in _____________ uses ___________ specimens magnifies up to _______________ times Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) scans the _____________ of the specimen image is produced by the electrons being __________________________________________ produces a 3-D image often coats the specimen with ________ for a sharper image magnifies up to ______________________ times 2. Confocal Technology uses __________________________ and computers produces a 3-D image specimens can be _____________ Science 10 Biology Notes 2  3. Fluorescence Microscopy uses _____________________________ to make cells ______________________ (glow) D. Image Magnification the number of times a microscope ______________ the specimen created by both the ocular lens and objective lens working together the eyepiece (ocular lens) has a magnification of ____________ each objective lens has a different power: low: ___________ medium: ___________ high: ___________ low: _______________________________ medium: _______________________________ high: _______________________________ E. Microscope Calculations 1. Field of View (FOV) the ________________ of what you see measured in ___________________________________________________ the field of view _______________ as magnification _____________ Science 10 Biology Notes 3 low power medium power high power  you can use the low power field of view and magnification to figure out what the field of view diameter is on any other magnification using the following formula: (𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑔) FOV diameter on X power = × (𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑂𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚) (𝑋 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑔) Example What is the field of view diameter in microns if an objective lens has a magnification of 25X and the low power field of view is 4000 µm? 2. Actual Size an estimation of the size of the specimen being viewed use the field of view diameter and the _____________________ Example: Calculate the estimated actual size on low power where the FOV is 4000 µm. 3. Drawing Size draw the specimen as you see it through the ocular lens measure the widest part of your drawing in mm convert mm to microns (_________________________________) Science 10 Biology Notes 4 4. Drawing Magnification the number of times bigger a diagram is when compared to the actual size of a specimen Example 1 A student looks at a specimen under the microscope and estimates that it fits 10 times across the medium power FOV with a diameter of 1600 µm. When she draws a diagram of the specimen, it measures 20mm across on the paper. Calculate: a) estimated size in µm b) drawing magnification F. Biological Drawings good biologic drawings have the following features: ✓ Use blank white paper instead of lined ✓ Make the drawing so that is takes up 2/3 page ✓ Place the drawing slightly left of centre ✓ Use a pencil ✓ Use lower case letters ✓ Print neatly ✓ All labels to the right side ✓ Labels are aligned to invisible margin ✓ Write the word beside the line (not on it) ✓ Have parallel lines ✓ Ruler ✓ Remember a title ✓ Record actual size over the drawing ✓ Stipple instead of shading ✓ Use light pencil strokes instead of dark lines ✓ Make your drawing your “good copy” as there is no “rough copy” of an observation Science 10 Biology Notes 5 G. Development of Cell Theory started as the theory of _____________________________________ thought that life can emerge spontaneously from _________________ ____________________________________ widely believed into the 1800’s in 1668, ___________________________ questioned this theory and did an experiment with raw meat and flies in 1864, ____________________________ conducted experiments with boiled broth and he found that microorganisms are found in air he proved that living things only come from other living things…called _____________________________ H. Cell Theory Complete Wacky History of the Cell Theory in Workbook the __________________________ says that: 1. all living things are made of _______________________________ 2. all life functions takes place in cells, making them the ______________________________________________ 3. all cells come from _____________________________________ NOTE: ________________________________ do not fit this category, they are not considered living or non-living Science 10 Biology Notes 6  I. The Cell All life functions take place in cells, meaning cells can do all of the things essential for life. What are some key features of living things? Is fire alive? What about a computer virus? Following are 4 major processes carried out by cells. 1. Growth and Reproduction Cells are made up primarily of water and proteins. Proteins are enormous molecules that are folded and arranged in complex ways. Both growth and reproduction require the building of new proteins. How do you make a Lego set? _________________ for building proteins are stored in ______, which all cells have. DNA is stored in the ____________________ of plant and animal (eukaryotic) cells. Some cells do not have a nucleus (like bacteria, called prokaryotic cells). _____________________ use the instructions from the nucleus to produce proteins. Proteins are transported through the _______________________________ (______). There are two types of ER: o Rough ER: ____________________ attached. Close to nucleus. o Smooth ER: ________________________ attached. A system of tubes which connect the cell. Some proteins are stored in the _____________________________ which will later be secreted for use outside the cell (hormones). Summary/Flowchart for production of proteins Science 10 Biology Notes 7  When animal cells divide (reproduce), ________________ help keep track of the DNA (not found in plant cells). 2. Production of Energy What nutrients do your cells need? Your cells are examples of ___________ systems. That means that they can exchange _________________ and __________________ with their surroundings. What is the opposite of an open system? Through processes that we will look at later, glucose enters your cells. Glucose is a form of stored energy called _________________________________. ___________________________ transform the energy stored in glucose into a different form of energy, ______________________________________ (______). You can think of ______ as a crossbow. The process of turning glucose into ______________ is called _________________: Chemical reaction: All plant and animal cells carry out this process. This process takes place in the _________________________. Cells that require lots of energy (such as muscle cells), will have lots of these organelles. They contain their own ___________ (passed down from your mother), which leads scientists to believe that it was once a separate organism, which has evolved to become codependent with cells. How does your body get sugars? Plant cells can produce their own sugars through a process called ________________. Chemical reaction: Science 10 Biology Notes 8  This process takes place in ____________________, which contain ______________, making plants green. We will look at how plants carry out photosynthesis in much more detail in Bio part 3 (and there’s a whole unit on it in Bio 20). 3. Intake/Storage/Excretion of nutrients and waste Because cells are open systems, they exchange matter and energy with their surroundings (such as intake of oxygen and excretion of carbon dioxide during cellular respiration). Cells are not completely open. The ___________________ has mechanisms that control what gets into and out of cells (We will study this organelle in more detail later). The _________________ is the sugary goo that fills up the space in the cell not occupied by other organelles. It stores things until they are needed for cell processes (Ex: glucose that is needed for cellular respiration). ___________________ are organelles used to store things. Plants contain a large _________________________, which stores ________________. 4. Responding to stimuli When cell parts break, they must be replaced. Old parts are broken down and recycled by organelles called _______________________. They contain ______________________________, and are produced by the _______________________________________. These organelles are used for digestion and defense. When a cell malfunctions or has a harmful mutation, it can release the enzymes from inside the lysosomes in a process called ____________________(programmed cell death). This prevents harmful mutations and disease from spreading through multi-cellular organisms. Science 10 Biology Notes 9 If a cell were a city, what organelle(s) would carry out the following roles? City planning Recycling plant Roads and highways Border security Power plant Warehouse Construction worker Use pages 278-280 to summarize the function of each organelle. It is best to do this in your own words. Plant, Organelle animal, Function or both? Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Vacuole Mitochondria Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Science 10 Biology Notes 10  Lysosomes ER Vesicle Chloroplast Cell wall Centriole Put the following into the chart: membrane/wall, mitochondria/chloroplast, vacuoles, lysosomes, centrioles. Animal cells Both plant and animal cells Plant cells Science 10 Biology Notes 11  Animal Cell Plant Cell Science 10 Biology Notes 12 J. The Cell Membrane all cells have cell membranes is ____________________________________________ which means it allows the passage of ______________________________ the _______________________________________ is used to describe the cell membrane it is made up of: 1. _____________________________________________ – a _________________________________________ where the _________________________________________________ and are ___________________________________________, the _____________________________________________ and _________________________; act as ____________________________ 2. ________________________________________ – found throughout the bilayer and may be _______________________ __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ ______________________ is found packed ____________________ _________________________________ in the bilayer…helps _______________ ________________________________________ Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane Science 10 Biology Notes 13 K. The Particle Model of Matter is used to understand the types of transport in cells: 1. All matter is made of ____________________ however they can be of _________________________________________________ 2. The particles of matter are _______________________________ _________________________. They move the least in ________ and the most in ___________. Adding or removing ___________ affects the movement of the particles. 3. The particles of matter are ______________________ to one another or are bonded together. 4. Particles have ________________ between them that are smallest in _______________ and greatest in ____________(exception – ice). The spaces may be occupied by particles of another substance. L. Cell Transport there are several methods by which molecules move into and out of cells: 1. Passive Transport – __________________________________ needed a) Simple Diffusion b) Osmosis c) Facilitated Diffusion 2. Active Transport – _________________________ 1. Passive Transport a) Simple Diffusion a _______________________________________________ is a ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ molecules naturally move __________ the gradient from __________ concentration to ________ concentration until the concentration is ___________ in all areas…called _____________________________ the flow of __________________________________ in and out of the cell is regulated by the _________________________________ (recall fluid mosaic model) it is caused by the _____________________ of particles and is passive because ______________________________________ is required for it to occur membranes ____________ always allow all kinds of molecules in and out they can be selective depending on what the cell needs: Science 10 Biology Notes 14  a) ________________________ membranes – allow the passage of __________ molecules b) _________________________ membranes – allow the passage of ______________ molecules c) __________________________ membranes – ___________ allow and molecules through all molecules ________________ but __________ necessarily at the _______________________________ diffusion rate is affected by: 1. ___________ of molecules – ____________ molecules diffuse __________ 2. ______________________ – high temperature provides more ______________ so diffusion occurs ________________ 3. ___________________________________ – higher concentration means ________________________________ so diffusion occurs ______________________ 4. _______________ through which it travels – solids ____________ diffusion more than liquids or gases b) Osmosis ___________________ is the diffusion of _______________ across a _________________________________ membrane it relies on the _______________________________________ three situations can arise depending on the tonicity of the cell’s environment: Science 10 Biology Notes 15  1. Cell in a Hypotonic Environment net movement of water is concentration of _____________________ ________ the cell __________________________ of the cell and there is _________________________ ________________ the cell animal cells - plant cells - 2. Cell in a Hypertonic Environment concentration of _____________________ net movement of water is __________________________ of the cell _________ of the cell and there is _________________________ ________________ the cell animal cells - plant cells - 3. Cell in an Isotonic Environment water moves into and out concentration of water is of the cell at the ______________ inside and ___________________ outside the cell Note: You use the terms hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic when you are comparing two environments. One thing will be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to another thing. Science 10 Biology Notes 16  c) Facilitated Diffusion only matter that is _________________________ can pass ____________________ the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion water soluble particles use the _______________________________ to move across the membrane by ___________________ _____________ molecules and ____________ pass through the pores created by the ________________________________________ _________ molecules are ___________________ across the membrane by the __________________________________________ molecules are moving _____________ the concentration gradient, therefore no extra energy needs to be expended by the cell 2. Active Transport movement of molecules ____________ the concentration gradient it requires two things: 1. _____________________________________ 2. _____________________________________ small particles are transferred using a ____________________________ _________________________________ in the membrane carries the particle to the ________________________ one example is the ________________________ __________________________ used to keep the concentration of _________________ and __________________ in the cell cells use ___________________ (liquids) or ____________________ (solids) to bring particles ________ Science 10 Biology Notes 17  cell membrane ______________________________________ (_____________________________________) and then pinches off to form a _____________________________________ around it the cell can then use the contents where needed cells use _________________ to ______________ large particles transports __________________________________________ (___________________________________) via transport vesicles budded off the __________________________________ the vesicle ____________________________ and _______________ the _____________________________ and releases its contents into the ____________ both endocytosis and exocytosis _____________________________ in the form of _______________ M. Application of Cellular Transport Dialysis rids the body of toxins, wastes and excess fluid two types available to people with kidney failure both based on the principle of diffusion and osmosis a. Hemodialysis must be performed in a hospital blood is pumped into a ____________________through _________________________________ which acts like a semi-permeable membrane clean blood is pumped back to the body b. Peritoneal dialysis soft catheter (tube)is inserted into the abdominal cavity sterile dialysate fluid (mixture of water, glucose, sodium, chloride, etc) is pumped into the cavity toxins move down the _________________________________ into the fluid which is then removed from the body Science 10 Biology Notes 18 N. Surface Area to Volume Ratio the ________________ of membrane (_______________________) around a cell in relation to the _________ of the cell (____________) determines how many molecules (nutrients and wastes) will _____________________________________________ of the cell cells divide to maintain a ___________________________________ ____________________________ (lots of membrane to low volume) as a cell grows ______________ the SA/V ratio ____________ until the cell is no longer efficient…growth ___________ then the cell _______________________ organisms can have ________________________________________ to help increase overall SA/V ratio eg) * _______________ in lungs – increase SA for O2(g) and CO2(g) diffusion * _____________________________________________ in small intestines – increase SA for absorption of nutrients Surface Area Cube: Rectangular Prism: Sphere: Cylinder: Volume Cube or Rectangular Prism: Sphere: Cylinder: Example 1 For the following “cell”, calculate the surface area, the volume and the surface area to volume ratio: 2 mm 10 mm Science 10 Biology Notes 19 4 mm  Example 2 For the following “cell”, calculate the surface area, the volume and the surface area to volume ratio: 10 mm Example 3 Of the cells described in Examples 1 and 2, which one would be most efficient in diffusing nutrients and why? O. Single-Celled vs. Multicellular single celled organisms can live ______________________________ ___________________________________________________ they are quite _______________, many ________________________ _______________________ performs _________________________ necessary to maintain life of the organism once a single-celled organism or colony of single-celled organisms reaches a certain size, it requires a multicellular level of organization this need resulted in the development of ________________________ of cells, tissues and systems in animals and plants Science 10 Biology Notes 20  __________________ – ____________________________________ performing the same function eg) _____________________________________________________ ________________ – ______________________________________ contributing to the same function eg) ___________________ _________________ – _____________________________________ contributing to the same function eg) _____________________________________________________ this _____________________________________________ in larger organisms allows _______________________________________ in life processes and therefore __________________________________ P. Plants Organs, Tissues and Cells 1. Root System everything ___________________ _______________________ in soil absorb _________________________ Shoot system from soil take in ______________ from the soil through _______________________ includes _____________________ and modified roots eg) aerial roots Root system 2. Shoot System everything ____________ the ground consist of ________________________________________________ involved in _______________________________________________ ____________________________________ includes modified shoots eg) tubers Science 10 Biology Notes 21 3. Plant Tissues _________________________  “__________” of plant  single layer that covers and protects the plant  cuticle is the waxy substance that coats leaves _____________________________  ________________ materials between roots and shoots  ________________ ▪ moves ______________ ____________________ ____________________ from roots to shoots ▪ _________ and thick-walled  ____________ ▪ carries ______________ (_____________) throughout plant ▪ tube-shaped _____________ cells ▪ ______________________________________________ Science 10 Biology Notes 22  ____________________________  ________________ plant tissue  bulk of plant tissue  provides ____________ and ______________ (stems)  provides ______________________________________ (roots)  site of __________________________ (leaves) 4. Leaves carry out photosynthesis contain ____________________________ which contain the ____________________________________ _________________________ are on the underside of the leaf swell and contract to control _______________________________ _________________ are the ____________ formed by the guard cells allow ___________________________________________________ Science 10 Biology Notes 23 5. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration “photo” = light “synthesis” = putting together occurs in the _______________________________ in the leaves it uses light to convert CO2 and H2O into sugar and O2 water + carbon dioxide + light energy → glucose + oxygen cellular respiration occurs in all organisms occurs in the __________________________ takes the sugars made in photosynthesis along with O2 and converts them back into CO2 and H2O glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide + chemical energy 6. Gas Exchange involves ____________________________ and _________________________ (photosynthesis) involves dermal, ground and vascular tissues tissues on the ____________ of the plant __________________ are the specialized cells that form the ___________________ allow ______________________ to diffuse into and out of the leaves Science 10 Biology Notes 24  __________________cells – rectangular cells containing _________________ ________________________ cells – contain ________________ that allow for gases to _____________ through leaf (O2 to stomata and CO2 to palisade cells) Q. Transport in Plants the movement of _____________________ ___________________ throughout plant several forces work together to allow transport to happen: 1. Cohesion and Adhesion ____________ is the attraction ______________ water molecules ____________ is the attraction that water molecules have for _________________________ of molecules occur because water is polar positive end of one water molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule (water or other) 2. Root Pressure water moves into root cells by ________________ increased water inside cells causes and _________________________ forces water ________________________ towards stems and leaves 3. Transpiration Pull __________ exits the leaves through the _______________ called ____________________________ Science 10 Biology Notes 25  as water evaporates from leaves, other water molecules are _________________ into the leaves from the stems and roots due to ______________________________________ of attraction moves water through the ________________ water in the _____________________________ of cells ______________ the plant…call __________________ R. Control Systems a __________________ is a change in the environment that ______________________________________________ in an organism eg) loud noise, bright light both _______________________________________ respond to ________________________ ______________________ refers to the ________________________ __________________________ in response to a stimuli Science 10 Biology Notes 26 1. Phototropism plant growth in response to ______________ the __________________ detects the stimuli and send a ___________ to the area of ___________________ ____________ is a __________________ that promotes cell growth or elongation of cells _______________________ from the light, causing the leaf or stem to _____________________ the light _____________ phototropism is growth _____________ the light source eg) ___________________________ ______________ phototropism is growth ___________ from the light source eg) ____________ 2. Gravitropism plant growth in response to ________________ plants depend on _________________________________ in specialized cells as indicators of gravity starch grains shift and settle due to gravity ________________ gravitropism is growth _____________ from gravitational pull eg) ____________ ________________ gravitropism is growth _____________ from gravitational pull eg) ___________ 3. Other Control Mechanisms ________________________________________________________ tendrils respond to ____________ eg) peas flowering is often a response to the ___________________________ that the plant is exposed to eg) Christmas cactus, poinsettias Science 10 Biology Notes 27  Biology Workbook Microscope Calculations Worksheet 1. The following information is for a microscope which has an eyepiece lens (ocular lens) with a power of 10X: Objective Lens Power Field Diameter low 4X 3500 µm medium 10X Show work below high 40X Show work below a. Using the information provided above, calculate the FOV diameter for medium and high power. b. If a cell occupied 1/20 of the field on high power, then its actual size would be? 2. This triangicium is being viewed under medium power. What is its actual size? low power objective = 4X medium power objective = 10X eyepiece = 5X low power FOV = 4.2 mm 3. Anne viewed an amoeba under the high power 40X objective lens on her microscope. She drew the following picture of that amoeba She needs to calculate the magnification of her drawing Eyepiece lens = 5X Low Power Objective = 4X Low Power Diameter of Field of View = 4.2 mm Estimation of the number of times object fits across field of view (high power) = 4.5 a) Calculate the diameter of the field of view under high power = 10mm mm Science 10 Biology Notes 28  b) Calculate the size of the object under high power. c) Measure the size of the drawing (each grid is 10mm). Convert to µm. d) Calculate the magnification of Anne’s drawing. 4. A student sketches an organism and the sketch is 5.0 cm long. The actual size of the organism is 200 µm. Calculate the drawing magnification. 5. The drawing size of a sketch is 1500 X and the actual size of the object is 100 µm. Calculate the length of the drawing (drawing size) in cm. 6. The medium power diameter of a certain microscope is 1600 µm. An object’s length measures 1/3 of the diameter of the field. Calculate the actual size of the object in mm. 7. The low power field diameter is 4000 µm. An organism stretches ½ of the way across the circle of light. a) Calculate the actual size of the organism. Show the formula in your solution. b) A student draws a sketch of the organism which is 10.0 cm long. How much bigger is the drawing relative to the actual size? (find the drawing magnification) 8. The picture shows five organisms stretched across the high power x400 (FOV 450 µm). Its actual size is 90 µm. If a student were to switch to medium power (x100), how many organisms would fit across the field? Science 10 Biology Notes 29 Wacky History of Cell Theory View the video on the “Wacky History of the Cell Theory.” http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-history-of- cell-theory#watch and answer the following questions. 9. List the three parts of the cell theory: 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________________ 10. Name of the spectacle maker from Netherlands – lived in the early 1600’s _______________________________ 11. What was this scientist famous for? 12. Name of the Dutch scientist who made his own microscope ________________________________________ 13. What famous discovery did this scientist make with his home-made microscope? How did he make this discovery? 14. What did he call his discovery? ______________________________________ 15. Name of the English scientist who is credited for coming up with the term “cell” __________________________ 16. What was this scientist looking at when he came up with the name “cell?” ______________________________ 17. Why did he call them cells? 18. What did Robert Hooke do to make Sir Isaac Newton Mad? 19. Why does no one know what Robert Hook looked like? 20. Name of the German botanist (one who studies plants) from the 1800’s ________________________________ Science 10 Biology Notes 30  21. What discovery was this German botanist famous for? 22. Name of another German scientist from the 1800’s that studied animals _______________________________ 23. What was this German scientist famous for? 24. What part of the cell theory did Shleiden and Schwann disagree on? 25. What did Schleiden believe? 26. What did Schwann believe? 27. Who was right? ___________________________________ 28. Name of the scientist that proved all cells come from other cells _______________________________________ Passive and Active Transport 29. List the parts of the Kinetic molecular theory (KMT) – spaces, attractive forces, etc. 30. Explain this statement: “molecules follow a concentration gradient” 31. Where does the energy for the process come from? Science 10 Biology Notes 31  32. Correct this false statement. “In diffusion, do the molecules on the high side of the gradient move deliberately in the direction of the low side of the gradient”. 33. Explain why the diffusion rate increases with temperature. Be specific. 34. “The cell membrane is semipermeable”. Explain what is meant by this. 35. Define osmosis. 36. List 2 ways osmosis is different from regular diffusion. 37. Examine the diagram below and answer the questions that follow. This image shows BEFORE osmosis. M = semipermeable membrane and is permeable to water molecules but not to the starch molecules. The number of molecules in the rectangular volume boxes is proportional to concentration (concentration = number of molecules per unit volume.) a. What is the number of water molecules in volume box A? ______Volume box B?_______ b. On which side of the U tube is the concentration of water highest? ________ c. Which way is the diffusion gradient for water (direction of osmosis) ?________________________ Science 10 Biology Notes 32  d. Can starch follow its concentration gradient (diffuse)? _____Why or why not? e. Allowing diffusion to occur in the U tube, when will equilibrium be reached? f. How would the levels on both side of the tube change? 38. What are the major differences between passive and active transport? Explain in terms of concentration gradients and energy requirements. 39. What is the role of ATP in active transport? Science 10 Biology Notes 33  40. a. Where is the highest concentration of Na+? b. Where is the highest concentration of K+? c. Transport protein pumps are illustrated within the rectangular boxes in the diagram. In which direction are the Na+ ions made to move – with OR against a concentration gradient? d. In which direction are the K+ ions made to move– with OR against a concentration gradient?? e. This is not diffusion for the Na+ and K+ ions. Why? f. Why is this NOT passive transport? 41. What is the difference in function between transport channels (facilitated passive transport) and transport protein pumps (active)? Explain in terms of concentration gradients and energy requirements. 42. How are facilitated passive transport and active transport with pumps similar? Science 10 Biology Notes 34  43. This is an image of a white blood cell engulfing a bacteria. a) What type of active transport is shown here? b) Why is it considered active transport? c) Does this add phospholipids to the cell membrane or remove them? 44. Use the pinocytosis diagrams below to answer the questions that follow. g. Which situation illustrates endocytosis - A or B? _____ h. How does pinocytosis differ from phagocytosis? i. Give some examples of substances that may be expelled by pinocytosis. Science 10 Biology Notes 35  45. Fill in information required. Name of Passive Mode Active Mode of Examples of Endocytosis Exocytosis Process of Transport Transport Materials Passed Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Passive Transport Pumps Phagocytosis Pinocytosis 46. Cells are in an isotonic solution. Glucose is added to the solution. It is known that glucose is taken up into these cells by active transport. After a while, the cells appear to be bloated with water and some of them undergo cytolysis. Provide a possible explanation. Surface Area to Volume Ratio 47. Explain why organisms in cooler climates may adapt to have rounder body types 48. Explain why organisms in warmer climates may adapt to have long and slender body types 49. Villi are small bumps that line your small intestine. Their function is to absorb as many nutrients from your food as possible. Do villi have a high or low surface area to volume ratio? Science 10 Biology Notes 36  50. If a cell is cut in half, does the total volume change? Does the SA/V ratio change? 51. Why does snow melt faster than ice? 52. Which dissolves faster, a sugar cube, or a spoonful of sugar? Why is that the case? 53. Complete the table for each of the cells given below Cell A Cell B 2 cm Cell C 4 cm 4 cm 4 cm 16 cm 2 cm 4 cm 8 cm Table 2 cm Cell Surface Area Volume SA/V Ratio A B C Science 10 Biology Notes 37  54. An approximately cylindrical cell has a diameter of 23 microns and a height of 1.5 mm. Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of the cell. Plants 55. Explain how surface area to volume ratio is a big factor in organisms having many cells 56. What is a benefit of specialization? 57. What is a drawback of specialization? 58. How does a plant get water? 59. Where does a plant absorb sunlight? 60. Where does photosynthesis happen? 61. List similarities and differences between xylem and phloem. 62. Describe the path of a water molecule through a plant in detail. 63. What are the three types of plant tissue, and what function does each have? 64. How might leaves of plants that grow in desert conditions compare to leaves of plants that grow in rainy conditions? Science 10 Biology Notes 38  65. What would a leaf struggle to do if it did not have spongy mesophyll cells? 66. Why are many leaves a darker green on top than on the bottom? Water Transport in Plants (Pg. 331-332) 67. What are the cells that make up the circulatory system of a plant? 68. Give three places where xylem and phloem tissues are found. 69. What does the xylem tissue transport, and where does it transport it from and to? 70. Are xylem cells living tissues or dead tissues? Explain why this is necessary. 71. What are the long hollow cells within xylem vessels called? Explain how its structure helps it to do its job. Water Uptake in Roots (Pg. 332-333) 72. How does water enter the cells of the root? Why? 73. How/why does water enter the xylem? 74. How are minerals moved across the root membranes? Think cell membranes. Properties of Water & Root Pressure Pushes (Pg. 334) 75. What is Cohesion? Give an example of Cohesion. 76. What is Adhesion? Give an example Adhesion. Science 10 Biology Notes 39  77. How do these two properties of water apply to movement in the xylem? 78. What is root pressure? 79. What happens to the mineral concentration in the xylem sap as root cells bring minerals into the xylem? What does this have to do with water transport? Transpiration Pulls (Pg. 335-336) 80. Explain the process of transpiration in the leaf and how it affects water transport. 81. What other chemical reaction in leaves causes a low concentration of water in the leaves? 82. Draw a diagram and label this water transport system. Explain what is happening at the Roots, Leaves, and Stem (trunk). Sugar Transport in Phloem (Pg. 338 and other pages) 83. Where is sugar produced in a plant and by what process? 84. Is phloem tissue made up of living cells or dead cells? Why is this necessary? 85. What are sieve tubes, companion cells and sieve plates? How is this different from xylem cells? 86. Why/how does sugar leave the leaf? How do phloem cells transport sugar to the roots? 87. Draw a simplified diagram of how sugar is transported in a typical plant. Use dots to represent the concentration of sugar and water (different colors). Make sure to label and explain what is happening at: the Leaf, Stem, and Root. Science 10 Biology Notes 40