Biology Chapter on Metabolic Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of Feedback Inhibition?

End product shuts down metabolic pathway.

What is the purpose of Chemical Resources?

Prevent waste by regulating product synthesis.

What is meant by Cooperativity in enzyme activity?

Amplifies enzyme activity through substrate binding.

What is Allosteric Regulation?

<p>Regulatory molecule affects protein function at another site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Active Form of an Enzyme?

<p>Stabilized by binding of an activator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Metabolism?

<p>Totality of an organism's chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Catabolic Pathways?

<p>Release energy by breaking down complex molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Bioenergetics?

<p>Study of how organisms manage energy resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Kinetic Energy?

<p>Energy associated with motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Potential Energy?

<p>Energy due to location or structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Chemical Energy?

<p>Potential energy available for chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Thermodynamics?

<p>Study of energy transformations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Open System?

<p>Energy and matter can transfer with surroundings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

<p>Energy cannot be created or destroyed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Second Law Of Thermodynamics?

<p>Energy transformations increase entropy of the universe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Entropy?

<p>Measure of disorder in a system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Spontaneous Processes?

<p>Occur without energy input, increase entropy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Ordered Structures?

<p>Cells create order from less ordered materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Energy Flow in Ecosystems?

<p>Enters as light, exits as heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Bioluminescence?

<p>Conversion of energy to light by organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Chemical Chaos?

<p>Results from unregulated metabolic pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Exergonic Reaction?

<p>Releases free energy; spontaneous process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Equilibrium?

<p>State where reactions do no work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Energy Coupling?

<p>Using exergonic processes to drive endergonic ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ADP?

<p>Adenosine diphosphate; product of ATP hydrolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Hydrolysis of ATP?

<p>Breaks phosphate bonds, releasing energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Phosphate Groups?

<p>Three groups in ATP that store energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Transport Work?

<p>Movement of substances across membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Mechanical Work?

<p>Movement of structures within cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Catalyst?

<p>Chemical agent that speeds up reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Enzyme?

<p>A protein that acts as a catalyst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Sucrase?

<p>Enzyme that catalyzes sucrose hydrolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ATP Cycle?

<p>Continuous regeneration of ATP from ADP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Free Energy?

<p>Energy available to do work in a system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Metabolic Reactions?

<p>Chemical reactions that maintain life processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Activation Energy (EA)?

<p>Energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Free Energy of Activation?

<p>Initial energy needed to start a reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Transition State?

<p>Temporary state during a chemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Substrate?

<p>Reactant molecule that an enzyme acts upon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Active Site?

<p>Region on enzyme where substrate binds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Enzyme-Substrate Complex?

<p>Temporary complex formed when enzyme binds substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Induced Fit?

<p>Enzyme changes shape to better fit substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Cofactors?

<p>Nonprotein helpers that assist enzyme function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Coenzymes?

<p>Organic cofactors, often vitamins, aiding enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Competitive Inhibitors?

<p>Substances that compete with substrate for active site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Optimal Temperature?

<p>Temperature at which enzyme activity is maximized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Optimal pH?

<p>pH level at which enzyme activity peaks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Chemical Groups?

<p>Functional groups that enhance reaction catalysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Environmental Factors?

<p>Conditions like temperature and pH affecting enzyme activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Metabolic Processes and Enzymes

  • Feedback Inhibition: A metabolic pathway is shut down when its end product accumulates.
  • Chemical Resources: Organisms regulate the synthesis of products to prevent waste.
  • Cooperativity: Enzyme activity is amplified by substrate binding.
  • Allosteric Regulation: A regulatory molecule alters protein function at a different site.
  • Active Enzyme Form: Stabilized by an activator binding.
  • Inactive Enzyme Form: Stabilized by an inhibitor binding.
  • Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.
  • Catabolic Pathways: Break down complex molecules to release energy.
  • Anabolic Pathways: Use energy to build complex molecules.
  • Bioenergetics: The study of energy flow in organisms.

Energy and Thermodynamics

  • Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.
  • Potential Energy: Energy due to position or structure.
  • Chemical Energy: Potential energy in chemical bonds.
  • Thermodynamics: The study of energy transformations.
  • Open System: Exchanges matter and energy with surroundings.
  • Closed System: Does not exchange matter with surroundings.
  • First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
  • Second Law of Thermodynamics: Energy transformations increase entropy (disorder) in the universe.
  • Entropy: A measure of disorder in a system.
  • Spontaneous Processes: Occur without energy input, increase entropy.
  • Ordered Structures: Living organisms create order from less ordered materials using energy.
  • Energy Flow in Ecosystems: Enters as light, exits as heat.
  • Bioluminescence: Conversion of chemical energy to light.
  • Chemical Chaos: Result of unregulated metabolic pathways.
  • Exergonic Reaction: Releases energy, is spontaneous.
  • Endergonic Reaction: Absorbs energy, is non-spontaneous.
  • Equilibrium: State where reactions do no further work.

ATP and Enzyme Function

  • ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; the cell's energy currency.
  • ADP: Adenosine diphosphate; a product of ATP hydrolysis.
  • ATP Hydrolysis: The breaking of phosphate bonds, releasing energy.
  • Phosphate Groups: Three phosphate groups in ATP store energy.
  • Chemical Work: Involves making or breaking chemical bonds.
  • Transport Work: Movement of substances across membranes.
  • Mechanical Work: Movement of structures within cells.
  • Catalyst: Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction.
  • Enzyme: A protein that acts as a catalyst.
  • Sucrase: Enzyme that breaks down sucrose.
  • ATP Cycle: Continuous regeneration of ATP from ADP.
  • Free Energy: Energy available to do work in a system.
  • ΔG: Change in free energy; indicates reaction spontaneity.
  • Metabolic Reactions: Chemical reactions maintaining life processes.
  • Sucrose: A disaccharide made of glucose and fructose.
  • Glucose/Fructose: Monosaccharides with formula C6H12O6.
  • Activation Energy (EA): Energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
  • Transition State: Temporary, high-energy state during a chemical reaction.
  • Enzyme-Substrate Complex: Temporary complex formed when enzyme binds substrate.
  • Induced Fit: Enzyme changes shape to fit substrate.
  • Catalysis: Process of accelerating a chemical reaction.
  • Cofactors: Non-protein helpers that assist enzyme function.
  • Coenzymes: Organic cofactors, often vitamins.
  • Competitive Inhibitors: Compete with substrate for the active site.
  • Noncompetitive Inhibitors: Bind elsewhere, changing enzyme shape and function.
  • Optimal Temperature: Temperature where enzyme activity is maximum.

Enzyme Activity

  • Optimal pH: pH level where enzymatic activity is maximum.
  • Thermal Energy: Energy from heat that provides activation energy.
  • Chemical Groups: Specific functional groups that enhance reaction catalysis.
  • Environmental Factors: Conditions like temperature and pH that influence enzyme activity.

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Test your understanding of metabolic processes and enzymes with this quiz. Explore concepts like feedback inhibition, cooperativity, and the roles of different energy forms in biological systems. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their knowledge.

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