Biology Chapter on Macromolecules
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Questions and Answers

What process breaks down polymers into monomers?

  • Dehydration synthesis
  • Phosphorylation
  • Polymerization
  • Hydrolysis (correct)

What is produced when ATP is converted to ADP?

  • Oxygen is consumed
  • Energy is released (correct)
  • Carbon dioxide is released
  • Energy is absorbed

Which of the following best describes a saturated fatty acid?

  • Has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (correct)
  • Lacks hydrogen atoms
  • Is typically liquid at room temperature
  • Contains one or more double bonds

How do carbohydrates and lipids compare in function?

<p>Both can store energy, but carbohydrates are also structural (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms the 'rungs' of the DNA ladder?

<p>Nitrogenous base pairs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an isotope of an element?

<p>Same number of protons but different number of neutrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond is primarily formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms?

<p>Covalent bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are some substances considered hydrophilic?

<p>They have positive and negative charges that attract water molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biomolecule is primarily used for energy storage in animals?

<p>Glycogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes amphipathic molecules from other types of molecules?

<p>They have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'monomer'?

<p>A single molecular unit that can join to form polymers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of substances that exhibit cohesion?

<p>They tend to stick together due to intermolecular forces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do ionic bonds primarily result from?

<p>The transfer of electrons from one atom to another. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Allotropes

Different structural forms of the same element in the same physical state.

Polar

A molecule with a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end, due to uneven sharing of electrons.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms.

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Intramolecular Force

Forces within a molecule that hold the atoms together.

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Intermolecular Force

Forces between molecules that hold them together.

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Specific Heat Capacity

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

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Polymer Breakdown vs. Synthesis

The process that breaks down polymers into monomers is called hydrolysis and involves the addition of a water molecule, which breaks the bond between monomers. The process that builds polymers from monomers is called dehydration synthesis, where a water molecule is removed, forming a bond between monomers.

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ATP to ADP

ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is produced from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through the hydrolysis of one phosphate group from ATP. This process releases energy, as ATP stores energy in its phosphate bonds.

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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chain, creating kinks in the structure. Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms, resulting in a straight chain.

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Buffers

A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions (H+). They maintain the pH of bodily fluids within a narrow range, ensuring proper functioning of enzymes and other biological processes.

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Amino Acid Structure and Protein Function

The sequence and arrangement of amino acids in a protein determine its three-dimensional structure. This structure, in turn, dictates its specific function. For example, a change in a single amino acid can alter the protein's shape and ability to bind to other molecules.

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