Biology Chapter on Macromolecules

<p>Isomers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By breaking down glucose molecules and extracting their stored energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maltose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its ability to form multiple intersections and bond with several elements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the groups of atoms directly involved in chemical reactions, influencing molecular properties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It removes water to link together monomers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To breakdown polymers into monomers for reuse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are built from many different monomers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymers are large molecules made of linked monomers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-OH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To serve as a storage form of glucose for energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans lack the necessary enzymes to break the unique bonds in cellulose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase glycogen stores in muscles and liver. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch is less branched than glycogen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A commercially produced sweetener derived from corn starch. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To help maintain a healthy digestive system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate the smooth passage of food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipids are not necessarily polymers nor huge macromolecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saturated fats have no carbon-carbon double bonds in their fatty acid tails. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are more likely to be liquids due to their bent molecular shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogenation, to make a product solid at room temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trans fats are unsaturated fats created through hydrogenation and are considered particularly bad for health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steroids have a carbon skeleton with four fused rings, unlike the glycerol and fatty acid structures of fats. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To serve as a component of cell membranes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To treat conditions associated with muscle wasting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The side chain (R group). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptide bond. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transport substances in the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased production of red blood cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A polypeptide is a long chain, and a protein is formed when that chain achieves its functional 3D shape. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The protein's ability to carry out its specific function will be reduced or eliminated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By converting normally folded proteins into misfolded versions, causing them to cluster. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specific sequence of nitrogenous bases in a gene. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They form between the nitrogenous bases in the double helix holding strands together. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytosine (C) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chromosome is made up of numerous genes, with each gene encoding a specific polypeptide sequence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Molecules primarily made of carbon, often bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

A simple organic compound with one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms, abundant in natural gas.

Specific groups of atoms in organic compounds that influence chemical reactions and properties.

A functional group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, found in alcohols.

A functional group made of a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and also bonded to a hydroxyl group, found in proteins.

Large biological molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, made of smaller units called monomers.

A chemical reaction that links monomers to form polymers by removing a molecule of water.

The process of breaking down macromolecules into monomers by adding water.

Four main types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

Molecules that include sugars and sugar polymers, serving as energy sources.

Simple sugars that are the monomers of carbohydrates, cannot be further broken down.

Molecules with the same formula but different structures, leading to different properties.

Sugars made of two monosaccharides joined by a dehydration reaction.

A disaccharide made from glucose and galactose, known as 'milk sugar.'

A disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules, used in brewing and candy.

The most common disaccharide, made of glucose and fructose.

A sweet syrup made by converting glucose in corn syrup to fructose.

A storage polysaccharide in plants, made of glucose monomers.

A polysaccharide that stores excess glucose in animals.

A strategy for athletes to consume starchy foods before an event.

The most abundant organic compound, forming plant cell walls.

Cellulose that aids in digestion but provides no nutrients.

Complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.

A common steroid and key component of cell membranes.

Synthetic variants of testosterone used to treat muscle-wasting diseases.

Monomers that link together to form proteins, totaling 20 kinds.

A long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

The bond that links adjacent amino acids together in proteins.

Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

Proteins that provide support and shape to cells and tissues.

The unique three-dimensional form that determines a protein's function.

Hydrophobic molecules that include fats and steroids; not polymers.

A fat formed from glycerol and three fatty acids through dehydration reactions.

Fats with all fatty acid tails saturated; usually solid at room temperature.

Fats with one or more unsaturated fatty acids, usually liquid at room temperature.

Process adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats, turning them into saturated fats.

Unhealthy fats created by hydrogenation; often hidden in processed foods.

Essential fats found in fish and nuts that promote heart health.

A functional molecule composed of one or more polypeptides that perform tasks in cells.

A genetic condition caused by hemoglobin misfolding, affecting oxygen transport in blood.

Misfolded proteins that induce normal proteins to misfold, causing brain disorders.

Macromolecules that store genetic information and instructions for protein synthesis.

The genetic material that carries instructions, structured as a double helix.

Monomer units of nucleic acids, composed of sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

Specific pairings of nitrogenous bases in DNA: A with T and G with C.