Biology Chapter on Homeostasis and pH Scale

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Questions and Answers

What does the pH scale measure?

The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.

What is the normal pH of blood?

The normal pH of blood is 7.4.

Which of the following are considered macromolecules?

  • Proteins (correct)
  • Carbohydrates (correct)
  • Water
  • Lipids (correct)
  • Nucleic Acids (correct)

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

<p>Cellular fuel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lipids?

<p>Energy storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of proteins?

<p>Transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

<p>Store genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the anatomical position?

<p>Thumbs pointing inwards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following quadrants with the organ they contain:

<p>Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) = Stomach Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) = Small intestine Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) = Liver Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) = Appendix</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are signs of inflammation?

<p>Swelling (A), Pain (B), Loss of function (C), Heat (D), Redness (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

<p>Homeostasis refers to the process of maintaining a stable internal environment within the body, despite changes in the external environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism?

<p>Regulation of body temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will:

<p>Gain water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for a membrane to be selectively permeable?

<p>A selectively permeable membrane allows certain substances to pass through while restricting others based on factors such as size, electrical charge, molecular shape, and lipid solubility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following functions of epithelial tissue with their location:

<p>Protection = Stratified squamous epithelium - skin Absorption = Simple columnar epithelium - small intestine Filtration = Simple cuboidal epithelium - kidneys Excretion = Transitional epithelium - urinary bladder Secretion = Simple columnar epithelium - glands Sensory reception = Specialized epithelial cells - taste buds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow internal organs, such as the stomach and intestines?

<p>Smooth muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues can regenerate?

<p>Epithelial tissue (C), Bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport does NOT require energy?

<p>Osmosis (A), Facilitated diffusion (B), Diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

<p>Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete their products through ducts onto body surfaces or into body cavities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a blast cell?

<p>Osteoblast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

pH scale

Measures hydrogen ions; blood pH is 7.4.

Blood pH level

Normal blood pH is around 7.4; less than 7 is acidic.

Carbohydrates

Serve as cellular fuel, primarily glucose.

Lipids

Function mainly as energy storage in the body.

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Proteins

Transport molecules and serve multiple functions in the body.

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Nucleic Acids

Store genetic information like DNA and RNA.

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Anatomical Position

Body is erect, palms forward, feet apart, thumbs to side.

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Four Quadrants of the abdomen

Regions include LUQ, LLQ, RUQ, RLQ with specific organs.

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Signs of Inflammation

Includes redness, heat, swelling, pain, and function impairment.

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Homeostasis

Stable internal conditions maintained despite environmental changes.

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Negative Feedback

Response that reduces or shuts off original stimulus, e.g., temperature regulation.

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Positive Feedback

Response that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus, e.g., childbirth.

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Hypotonic solution

Causes cells to gain water and swell.

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Hypertonic solution

Causes cells to lose water and shrink.

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Isotonic solution

No net movement of water, cells maintain size.

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Selectively Permeable

Allows some materials to pass while restricting others.

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Epithelial Tissue Functions

Includes protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception.

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Types of Muscle Tissue

Includes skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary), and smooth (involuntary).

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Regeneration in Tissues

Bone and epithelium regenerate; cardiac and nervous tissues do not.

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Passive Transport

Movement across membranes without energy, through diffusion and osmosis.

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Endocrine vs Exocrine

Endocrine are ductless glands; exocrine release through ducts.

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Blast Cells

Immature cells like fibroblasts (connective tissue) and osteoblasts (bone).

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Cyte Cells

Mature cells such as chondrocytes (cartilage) and osteocytes (bone).

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Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of molecules across a membrane using a transport protein.

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Simple Columnar Epithelium

Absorptive tissue found in the small intestine.

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Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Protective tissue found in the skin.

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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Filtration tissue present in the kidneys.

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Transitional Epithelium

Excretory tissue found in the urinary bladder.

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Study Notes

pH Scale

  • Measures hydrogen ions.
  • Blood pH: 7.4
  • pH 7: neutral
  • pH < 7: acidic
  • pH > 7: basic

Macromolecules and Functions

  • Carbohydrates: Cellular fuel (glucose)
  • Lipids: Energy storage
  • Proteins: Transport
  • Nucleic Acids: Store genetic information

Anatomical Position

  • Body erect
  • Palms facing forward
  • Feet slightly apart
  • Thumbs to the sides

Abdominal Quadrants and Organs

  • Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ): Stomach
  • Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ): Small intestine
  • Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ): Liver
  • Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ): Appendix

Signs of Inflammation

  • Redness
  • Heat
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Impairment of function

Homeostasis

  • Stable internal conditions.
  • Nervous and Endocrine systems maintain homeostasis through communication (nerve impulses and hormones).

Feedback Mechanisms

  • Negative Feedback: Response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus (e.g., glucose regulation, body temperature).
  • Positive Feedback: Response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus (e.g., childbirth, blood clotting).

Tonicity

  • Hypotonic: Cell gains water.
  • Hypertonic: Cell loses water, shrinks.
  • Isotonic: No water movement, maintains cell size.

Selective Permeability

  • Allows some materials to pass freely.
  • Restricts materials based on size, electrical charge, molecular shape, and lipid solubility.

Epithelial Tissue Functions and Locations

  • Protection: Stratified squamous epithelium (skin)
  • Absorption: Simple columnar epithelium (small intestine)
  • Filtration: Simple cuboidal epithelium (kidneys)
  • Excretion: Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder)
  • Secretion: Simple columnar epithelium (glands)
  • Sensory reception: Specialized epithelial cells (taste buds)

Muscle Tissue Types

  • Skeletal: Bone, voluntary, attaches to bone
  • Cardiac: Heart, involuntary
  • Smooth: Mainly walls of hollow organs, involuntary

Tissue Regeneration

  • Regenerate: Bone, epithelial tissues
  • Non-regenerate: Cardiac muscle, nervous tissue

Passive Transport

  • Diffusion: High concentration to low concentration.
  • Osmosis: Water movement across a selectively permeable membrane, high to low water concentration.
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Molecules across a membrane with the help of a transport protein.

Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands

  • Endocrine: Ductless glands, hormones travel through blood (e.g., thyroid hormone).
  • Exocrine: Release secretions into ducts onto body surfaces (e.g., sweat glands).

Blast and Cyte Cells

  • Blast: Immature form (e.g., fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts)
  • Cyte: Mature form (e.g., chondrocytes, osteocytes)

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