Chemical Interactions: Hydrogen, Bicarbonate, Oxygen
25 Questions
6 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately describes the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis?

  • Antibodies attack the myelin sheath of nerve fibers.
  • Autoantibodies are formed to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, resulting in degeneration of the neuromuscular junction. (correct)
  • Antibodies to acetylcholinesterase reduce synaptic degradation of acetylcholine.
  • Antibodies attack and destroy spinal motor neurons.

Which of the following is characteristic of a lower motor neuron lesion?

  • Hyperreflexia
  • Hypotonia (correct)
  • Broad-based gait
  • Dysmetria

Which neurotransmitter must be balanced with dopamine for normal motor function in the basal ganglia?

  • Norepinephrine
  • Glutamate
  • Acetylcholine (correct)
  • Serotonin

What motor deficits are expected following a major left middle cerebral artery stroke affecting the lateral motor cortex?

<p>Weakness and lack of movement of the right face and arm, exaggerated muscle stretch reflexes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do hydrogen and potassium readily interact with other atoms?

<p>They both have one electron in their outer shells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the role of bicarbonate in maintaining homeostasis?

<p>Bicarbonate functions as a buffer to neutralize acids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the bond between two oxygen atoms?

<p>Two oxygen atoms share a double bond, enabling them both to fulfill the octet rule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of familial forms of hypercholesterolemia?

<p>Mutations in the gene that codes for apolipoprotein B-100 (Apo B-100). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for a substance that is composed of two or more elements that are chemically joined?

<p>Compound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subatomic particle has a positive electrical charge?

<p>Proton (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biochemical marker of inflammation often correlates with frailty?

<p>Increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A first-generation antipsychotic prescribed for a client with hallucinations and mania is most likely blocking which catecholamine?

<p>Dopamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another?

<p>Ionic bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water is responsible for the surface tension that allows some insects to walk on water?

<p>Cohesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes neuropathic pain resulting from damage to nerve fibers or pathways?

<p>Intermittent electric shock-like jolts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is most likely to be observed after a stroke of the motor cortex?

<p>Weakness and lack of coordination of the contralateral hand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the cerebellum's role in making smooth, precise movements?

<p>The cerebellum monitors movements in progress and modifies motor signals, as needed, to ensure movements are smooth and precise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with frailty?

<p>Increased growth hormone levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of first-generation antipsychotics on neurotransmitter receptors?

<p>Blocking dopamine receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of neuropathic pain?

<p>Burning or electric shock-like sensation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When sodium chloride dissolves in water, what interaction occurs?

<p>The sodium ion acquires a hydration shell of water molecules, with the oxygens oriented toward the sodium ion; the chloride ion acquires a hydration shell of water molecules, with the hydrogens oriented toward the chloride ion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of biomolecules has the greatest hydrophobicity?

<p>Lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following food products contains the least amount of water?

<p>Oil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with the process of apoptosis?

<p>Cell shrinking and nuclear fragmentation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes apoptosis from necrosis?

<p>Stepwise activation of a death program. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Myasthenia gravis

An autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to neuromuscular junction degeneration.

Lower motor neuron lesion

A condition characterized by weakness and hypotonia in affected muscles due to lower motor neuron damage.

Role of acetylcholine in motor function

Acetylcholine must be balanced with dopamine for normal motor function in the basal ganglia.

Motor symptoms after MCA stroke

Weakness and lack of movement in the right face and arm with exaggerated reflexes following a left hemisphere stroke.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antibodies in myasthenia gravis

Autoantibodies specifically target nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, disrupting neuromuscular transmission.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Weakness in LMN lesions

Weakness and decreased muscle tone, indicating dysfunction in lower motor neurons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dopamine depletion in Parkinson's

In Parkinson's disease, dopamine levels drop, affecting normal movement and requiring acetylcholine balance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stretch reflexes post-stroke

Following a major stroke, exaggerated muscle stretch reflexes are observed in the affected side due to upper motor neuron impairment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydration Shell

A cluster of water molecules surrounding an ion, stabilizing it in solution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lipids

Biomolecules with the greatest hydrophobicity, including fatty acids and cholesterol.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Apoptosis

A programmed cell death process characterized by cell shrinking and fragmentation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Necrosis

Uncontrolled cell death often caused by injury, leading to tissue damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Distinguishing feature of apoptosis

Stepwise activation of a death program without causing inflammation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water content in olive oil

Oil has significantly lower water content than most foods.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ionic Bond

The electrical attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrophobicity

The tendency of a molecule to resist interaction with water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)

A cytokine that increases with inflammation and correlates with frailty.

Signup and view all the flashcards

First-generation antipsychotic

A class of drugs that block dopamine D2 receptors to treat psychosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter involved in mood, motivation, and movement, often blocked by antipsychotics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neuropathic pain

Pain resulting from damage to nerve fibers, often described as electric shock-like sensations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Motor cortex stroke effects

Weakness and lack of coordination on the side of the body opposite to the stroke.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cerebellum function

The cerebellum ensures movements are smooth and precise by monitoring and modifying motor signals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Corticospinal tract

A neural pathway that influences voluntary movement, especially skilled hand movements.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electric shock-like pain

Intermittent and sharp sensations that characterize neuropathic pain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrogen and Potassium Reactivity

They readily interact due to having one electron in their outer shells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Role of Bicarbonate

Bicarbonate functions as a buffer to neutralize acids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Double Bond in Oxygen

Two oxygen atoms share a double bond to fulfill the octet rule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Caused by mutations in the gene for apolipoprotein B-100 (Apo B-100).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bicarbonate Production Source

Produced in the pancreas to neutralize acidic chyme.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Octet Rule

Atoms seek to have eight electrons in their outer shell for stability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cholesterol Gene Mutation

Familial forms are associated with mutations in Apo B-100 gene.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dissolving of Sodium Chloride

Occurs when sodium and chloride ions dissociate in water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Hydrogen and Potassium Interaction

  • Hydrogen has one electron, potassium has 19 electrons.
  • Potassium has electrons in the first, second, third, and fourth shells.
  • Hydrogen has one electron in the first shell.
  • Both hydrogen and potassium have one electron in their outer shell, facilitating interactions with other atoms.

Bicarbonate Role in Homeostasis

  • Bicarbonate is a base.
  • Bicarbonate does not release protons when added to water.
  • Acids release protons when diluted in water.
  • Bicarbonate acts as a buffer to neutralize acids.

Oxygen Atom Bond

  • Two oxygen atoms share two electrons to form a double bond.
  • This fulfills the octet rule for each oxygen atom.

Familial Hypercholesterolemia Source

  • Mutations in the gene that codes for apolipoprotein B-100 (Apo B-100) are the source.

Sodium Chloride Dissolution in Water

  • Sodium and chloride ions separate when dissolving in water.
  • Sodium loses an electron to become a positive ion.
  • Chlorine gains an electron to become a negative ion.
  • Sodium ions are surrounded by water molecules whose oxygen atoms face the sodium ion.
  • Chloride ions are surrounded by water molecules, whose hydrogen atoms face the chloride ion. The electronegative oxygen atoms in water are attracted to positive charges (sodium); and the electropositive hydrogen atoms are attracted to negative charges (chloride).

Hydrophobicity of Biomolecules

  • Lipids (fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol) are highly hydrophobic due to C-H bonds.

Food Water Content

  • Oil has the lowest water content.
  • Almonds, dried mushrooms, and salami have higher water content.

Apoptosis Process

  • Apoptosis involves cell shrinking and nuclear fragmentation.
  • Cell contents are packaged.
  • DNA is broken down into uniform-sized fragments in apoptosis.

Inflammation Marker

  • A biochemical marker of inflammation correlated with frailty is not specified.

Broca's Question

  • The client correctly identifying the sensation location on their forearm suggests appropriate reception of sensory information.
  • The dorsal column/medial lemniscus system is responsible for sensing light touch, vibration, and spatial position.
  • The spinothalamic system is responsible for pain and temperature sensation.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Week 1 & 2 Quiz PDF

Description

Explores the role of hydrogen and potassium. Bicarbonate acts as a buffer to neutralize acids. Two oxygen atoms share two electrons to form a double bond, fulfilling the octet rule for each oxygen atom.

More Like This

The Chemistry of Bond Breakage and Formation
5 questions

The Chemistry of Bond Breakage and Formation

ProfuseJadeite9872 avatar
ProfuseJadeite9872
Chemistry Bond Angle and Acid Strength Quiz
17 questions

Chemistry Bond Angle and Acid Strength Quiz

MiraculousEmerald avatar
MiraculousEmerald
Chemical Bonds in Amino Acids
5 questions

Chemical Bonds in Amino Acids

ExtraordinaryNobelium avatar
ExtraordinaryNobelium
Bases Moleculares y Reacciones Ácido-Base
10 questions

Bases Moleculares y Reacciones Ácido-Base

BeneficialPolonium avatar
BeneficialPolonium
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser