Biology Chapter on Genetics

The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

Characteristics or features that are passed down from parents to offspring.

A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent.

The number of chromosomes in each diploid cell.

A sex cell that contains one set of chromosomes.

The number of chromosomes in each haploid cell.

Pairs of chromosomes that have corresponding genes.

The process of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes.

The two stages of meiosis, each with its own set of divisions, ensuring the reduction of chromosomes and genetic diversity.

The process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis I, increasing genetic variation.

The lining up of homologous chromosome pairs along the middle of the cell during meiosis I, where they are randomly sorted, creating genetic diversity.

The pulling apart of homologous chromosome pairs toward opposite ends of the cell during meiosis I, separating the sets of chromosomes.

A combination of alleles present in an organism's genes, often represented using symbols like 'RrYy'.

A method used to predict the possible combinations of alleles in the offspring of two organisms.

The versions of a gene that contribute to a specific trait.

Offspring that inherit a combination of alleles different from either parent.

A characteristic that is expressed in an individual based on their genotype.

Traits determined by multiple genes. The combined effect of these genes leads to a range of phenotypes.

Blood type is determined by a single gene with multiple alleles, resulting in four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O.

Type O blood can be donated to any blood type because it lacks the A and B antigens.

Type AB blood can receive blood from any blood type because it has both A and B antigens.

The most common blood type in the US is O-positive, representing 37% of the population.

A genetic cross examining only one trait. For example, a cross examining how flower color gets inherited.

A genetic cross examining two separate traits. For example, a cross examining how flower color and plant height are inherited.

Individuals with two identical alleles for a specific trait will be true-breeding for that trait. For example, TT will be true-breeding for tall height.

Individuals with two different alleles for a specific trait will be hybrid for that trait. For example, Tt will be hybrid for tall height.

A diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring based on their parents' genotypes. This helps in understanding the inheritance patterns of traits.

Each coin flip is independent of previous or subsequent flips. Therefore, the outcome of one flip has no impact on the outcome of others.

A trait that masks and expresses itself even when the contrasting allele (recessive) is present in the genotype.

The generation resulting from the cross-breeding of two true-breeding parental organisms (P generation).

The generation resulting from the self-pollination of the F1 generation.

The original parental generation used in a cross.

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

A trait masked by the dominant allele and not expressed in the phenotype unless the genotype is homozygous recessive.

The principle stating that during gamete formation, allele pairs separate, and each gamete receives only one allele for each trait.