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Genetics Chapter 19: Chromosome Inheritance
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Genetics Chapter 19: Chromosome Inheritance

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@GuiltlessCyan

Questions and Answers

What are the stages of meiosis?

  • Prophase II (correct)
  • Metaphase I (correct)
  • Prophase I (correct)
  • Telophase I (correct)

    • What is mitosis?

    Part of the cell division phase of the cell cycle, a type of nuclear division, duplication division, where chromosomes are distributed to two daughter nuclei.

    What is cytokinesis?

    Division of the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells.

    G1 Checkpoint is ___________. It proceeds if ____________. It stops if ___________.

    <p>Cell cycle checkpoint, the cell is committed to dividing, DNA is damaged and unrepairable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    G2 Checkpoint is ___________. It proceeds if ____________. It stops if ___________.

    <p>Mitosis checkpoint, DNA is properly replicated, DNA is damaged and unrepaired.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    M Checkpoint is ___________. It proceeds if ____________. It stops if ___________.

    <p>Spindle assembly checkpoint, every duplicated chromosome is ready for sister chromatids to separate, chromosomes are not properly aligned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during and immediately following mitosis (Mitosis II)?

    <p>Prophase: Condensed chromosomes form, Nucleus disappears, Spindle fibers begin to form, Chromosomes duplicate; Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the equator; Anaphase: Sister chromatids split; Telophase: Nucleus reappears; Cytokinesis: Cleavage furrow forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order of the phases of the cell cycle?

    <p>G1, S, G2, M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The division of the cytoplasm is called?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of the phases of mitosis?

    <p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA replication occurs in mitosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitosis and cytoplasmic division result in the formation of two genetically identical cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interphase, which is one part of the cell cycle, is subdivided into four other phases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each subphase of interphase to its description.

    <p>S Phase = DNA replicates G1 Phase = All of the organelles and cytoplasmic components replicate G2 Phase = The enzymes required for cell division are produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interphase is a process that a cell goes through in order to prepare for _______ _______.

    <p>cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which portion of interphase are centrioles replicated?

    <p>Gap 1 phase, or G1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relatively speaking, eukaryotic cells spend more time in interphase and a short period of time actually undergoing cell division.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A cell encounters several checkpoints during the cell cycle to ensure the cycle is occurring accurately.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are _______ important checkpoints throughout the cell cycle.

    <p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each checkpoint to its description.

    <p>G2/M = A cell that has successfully completed all three stages of interphase is allowed to pass this checkpoint. G1/S = This critical checkpoint is influenced by external signals and growth factors. Spindle checkpoint = At this checkpoint, it is verified that all chromosomes have attached in preparation for anaphase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The success of DNA replication is assessed during the ______ phase.

    <p>G2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell cycle is regulated by checkpoints during the _______ phases.

    <p>G1, G2, and M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A eukaryotic cell that receives a 'go-ahead' signal at the G1 checkpoint of the cell cycle will?

    <p>Complete the cycle and divide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Preparation for cell division occurs in the G2 phase.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After cytokinesis, the cell enters the G1 phase.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What events occur during prophase of mitosis?

    <p>DNA condenses to form chromosomes, Nuclear membrane breaks down, Nucleolus breaks down, Mitotic spindle begins to form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mitotic spindle fibers attach to chromosomes via special structures termed?

    <p>Kinetochores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about microtubules during anaphase is true?

    <p>Those attached to chromosomes shorten, while those that are unattached elongate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Centromeres divide during metaphase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis in plant cells occurs by means of a cleavage furrow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The overall purpose of mitosis is to produce?

    <p>Two daughter cells that are genetically identical to one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sister chromatids can best be described as?

    <p>The two genetically identical chromatids that result from the replication of the chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following events does not occur during prophase?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of the spindle fibers is to?

    <p>Aid in sorting and aligning the chromosomes for their movement to opposite ends of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phrases best describes the events that occur during anaphase?

    <p>The spindle fibers shorten and the sister chromatids begin to separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Place the following events in order as they occur during cell division through mitosis.

    <p>Chromatin replicates and condenses into chromosomes, spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids and align them at the center of the cell, spindle fibers begin to shorten and drag the sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell, the nucleus re-forms around the chromosomes, the plasma membrane pinches apart into two distinct cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall purpose of meiosis?

    <p>To produce four genetically different haploid cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids is called crossing-over and occurs during which phase of meiosis?

    <p>Prophase I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select all of the following ways in which meiosis II is different than meiosis I.

    <p>Interkinesis doesn't involve the replication of chromosomes, whereas interphase does.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells in the body are most likely to have originated through the process of meiosis?

    <p>Sperm and egg cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spindle apparatus is fully formed by the end of?

    <p>Prometaphase II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Separation of ________ occurs in anaphase II of meiosis.

    <p>Sister chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the end of meiosis II, there are?

    <p>Four haploid cells, with each chromosome consisting of a single chromatid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Replication of chromosomes occurs between meiosis I and meiosis II.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In animal cells, cell division is accomplished by the formation of a cleavage furrow.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A crossover in meiosis is an exchange of genetic material between?

    <p>Nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A tetrad is made up of?

    <p>Two homologous chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crossing-over occurs during prophase I of meiosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crossing-over allows the reassortment of linked genes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Random orientation of homologous chromosomes occurs in ________ of meiosis.

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consider a cell that has four pairs of chromosomes. What is the number of possible chromosome orientations in that cell?

    <p>16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consider a cell that has three pairs of chromosomes. What fraction of the gametes produced from this cell will contain only maternal chromosomes?

    <p>1/8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The region of the cell where chromosome pairs line up is referred to as the plate or metaphase plate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The actual structure that homologues bind to is called the spindle axis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Stages of Meiosis

    • Prophase I involves chromosome duplication, synapsis of homologous chromosomes, and crossing-over.
    • Metaphase I sees homologous chromosomes align independently at the equatorial plane.
    • Anaphase I is marked by the separation of homologous chromosomes towards cell poles.
    • Telophase I results in daughter cells each possessing one chromosome from each homologous pair.
    • Interkinesis occurs without chromosome duplication; chromosomes are still consisted of two chromatids.
    • Prophase II shows that cells contain one chromosome from each homologous pair.
    • In Metaphase II, kinetochores of each centromere bind to opposite spindle poles.
    • Anaphase II is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids into daughter chromosomes.
    • Telophase II regenerates four nuclei, followed by cytokinesis resulting in four distinct cells.

    Mitosis Overview

    • Mitosis is a nuclear division that results in two genetically identical daughter nuclei.
    • It is a part of the cell division phase in the cell cycle.

    Cytokinesis

    • Cytokinesis refers to the division of the cytoplasm, culminating in two daughter cells.

    Cell Cycle Checkpoints

    • G1 checkpoint ensures commitment to divide; stops if DNA is damaged.
    • G2 checkpoint confirms proper DNA replication; stops if DNA is damaged.
    • M checkpoint verifies that chromosomes are correctly aligned before separation; halts if not.

    Phases of Mitosis

    • Prophase: Chromosomes condense; the nucleus and nucleolus disappear; spindle fibers form.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator; spindle fibers attach to chromatids.
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids split and migrate to opposite ends.
    • Telophase: The nucleus reappears, forming two nuclei; cytokinesis follows.

    Phases of the Cell Cycle

    • The order of phases in the cell cycle is G1, S, G2, and M (mitosis).

    Interphase and Chromosomal Replication

    • Interphase comprises three phases: G1 (organelles and components replicate), S (DNA replication), and G2 (production of cell division enzymes).
    • Centrioles replicate during the G1 phase.

    Cell Division and Genetic Identity

    • Mitosis leads to two genetically identical cells.
    • Meiosis results in four genetically different haploid cells.

    Crossing-Over and Genetic Variation

    • Crossing-over, the exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids, occurs in prophase I of meiosis.
    • Random orientation during metaphase I contributes to genetic diversity.

    Key Features of Meiosis II

    • Meiosis II differs from meiosis I in that no chromosome replication occurs beforehand, and sister chromatids separate in anaphase II.

    Chromosome Orientation and Gametes

    • The number of possible orientations in a cell with four pairs of chromosomes is 16.
    • A cell with three pairs results in 1/8 of gametes containing only maternal chromosomes.

    Structural Terms

    • A tetrad consists of two homologous chromosomes, each with two chromatids.
    • The metaphase plate is where chromosome pairs align during metaphase of meiosis.
    • The spindle axis is the structure that homologues bind to during cell division.

    Cytokinesis in Different Cell Types

    • In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs via cleavage furrow formation.
    • Plant cells form a cell plate during cytokinesis.

    Summary of Checkpoints

    • Important checkpoints during the cell cycle occur at G1, G2, and M phases to ensure proper cell division.

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    Description

    Explore the key stages of meiosis in this quiz on chromosome inheritance. Understand how homologous chromosomes pair, align, separate, and the significance of crossing-over. This is essential content for anyone studying genetics and cell division.

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