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Questions and Answers
Which of the following mechanisms contribute to genetic diversity during sexual reproduction?
Which of the following mechanisms contribute to genetic diversity during sexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
True (A)
What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid?
What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid?
A chromosome is a long, threadlike structure made of DNA and proteins. A chromatid is one of two identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere.
The phase of the cell cycle during which the cell replicates its DNA is called ______.
The phase of the cell cycle during which the cell replicates its DNA is called ______.
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Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
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Which of the following phases of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the center of the cell?
Which of the following phases of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the center of the cell?
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Meiosis I results in the production of four haploid daughter cells.
Meiosis I results in the production of four haploid daughter cells.
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What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?
What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that increases genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that increases genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms?
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Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins.
Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins.
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What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?
What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?
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The process of ______ involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
The process of ______ involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
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Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:
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Which of the following phases of the cell cycle is characterized by the replication of DNA?
Which of the following phases of the cell cycle is characterized by the replication of DNA?
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Cancer cells are characterized by uncontrolled cell division and a loss of anchorage dependence.
Cancer cells are characterized by uncontrolled cell division and a loss of anchorage dependence.
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Explain the difference between somatic cells and gametes.
Explain the difference between somatic cells and gametes.
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Flashcards
Chromosomes
Chromosomes
Structures made of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information.
Meiosis
Meiosis
A type of cell division that produces gametes with half the chromosome number.
Mitosis
Mitosis
A cell division process that results in two identical daughter cells.
Homologous chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes
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Genetic diversity mechanisms
Genetic diversity mechanisms
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Cancer cells characteristics
Cancer cells characteristics
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Diploid vs Haploid
Diploid vs Haploid
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Crossing over
Crossing over
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Centrosome
Centrosome
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Sister Chromatids
Sister Chromatids
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Chiasma
Chiasma
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Interphase
Interphase
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Cancer Cells
Cancer Cells
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Meiosis II
Meiosis II
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Genetic Diversity
Genetic Diversity
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Somatic vs Gametes
Somatic vs Gametes
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Study Notes
Cell Division Study Guide (Chapter 8)
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Mitosis: Cell division producing identical daughter cells. Used in asexual reproduction to create more identical cells. Mitosis also creates cells that undergo meiosis.
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Meiosis: Cell division creating cells for sexual reproduction producing recombinant DNA. Used to create gametes (sperm and egg).
Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
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Asexual: Single parent creates identical offspring (clones)
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Sexual: Two parents (egg + sperm) create unique zygotes with unique traits
Mechanisms Increasing Genetic Diversity
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Independent Assortment: Random separation of chromosomes during meiosis increasing genetic diversity
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Crossing Over: Exchange of chromosome segments during meiosis increasing genetic diversity
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Random Fertilization: Any sperm can fertilize any egg, promoting genetic variation.
Genes and Chromosomes
- Chromosomes contain genes, the segments of DNA determining physical traits.
Sibling Similarity
- Siblings share similar traits because of random, different genetic inheritance from parents. Recombination occurs differently in each.
Key Terms & Definitions
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Chromosomes: Tightly packed DNA and proteins
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Homologous Chromosomes: Matching pairs of chromosomes (one from each parent) that have similar size, shape, and gene structure, but aren't exactly the same
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Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes
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Sex Chromosomes: (XY) Determine sex. Haploid cells (e.g., egg and sperm) in humans have 23 chromosomes.
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Chromatin: DNA and proteins before condensing (becoming visible). (e.g., not fully condensed yet)
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Sister Chromatids: Identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere
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Daughter Chromosomes: Separated sister chromatids after division.
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Centrosome: Forms the mitotic spindle.
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Centromere: Connects sister chromatids.
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Kinetochore: Protein complex on the centromere, where microtubules attach.
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Synapsis: Homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis I.
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Chiasma/Chiasmata: Sites where crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes.
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Tetrads: Two sets of sister chromatids joined.
Cell Cycle Phases
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Interphase: Cell grows, DNA replicates (S phase) and prepares for division. Includes G1, S, G2, and sometimes G0.
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Mitosis (M Phase): Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Nuclear division.
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Cytokinesis: Cytoplasmic division, splitting the parent cell into two.
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Cell Cycle Subphases:
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, nuclear envelope breaks down.
- Prometaphase: Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reforms.
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
- Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate. Produces two haploid daughter cells
- Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate. Producing a total of four haploid daughter cells.
Plant vs. Animal Cell Division
- Plant cells form a cell plate during cytokinesis while animal cells form a cleavage furrow
Cell Cycle Control
- Internal controls (checkpoints) regulate the cell cycle. Anchorage dependence, density-dependent inhibition, growth factors regulate cell division.
Cancer Cells
- Cancer cells lose control of cell division and may have different properties and actions (e.g., benign, malignant, metastasis).
Somatic vs. Gametes
- Somatic cells are body cells (e.g., skin, muscle); gametes are reproductive cells (e.g., sperm, egg).
Genetic Diversity Factors
- Factors affecting genetic diversity are independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization.
Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Definitions and causes of these abnormalities (non-disjunction, aneuploidy, trisomy, monosomy, deletions, inversions, translocations) are not covered.
Other Key Concepts
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Diploid (2n) vs. Haploid (1n), Somatic Cells vs. Gametes
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Determining the number of chromosomes in various cell stages and situations is important
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Description
Explore the mechanisms contributing to genetic diversity in this quiz focused on sexual reproduction and mitosis. Understand the differences between chromosomes and chromatids, the phases of the cell cycle, and the outcomes of meiosis I. Test your knowledge and deepen your understanding of crucial biological concepts.
