Biology Chapter on Fossils and Development

<p>Reptiles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A large dinosaur dies in a volcanic eruption and is quickly buried by ash. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The wings of a bird and the wings of a bat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All animals with wings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to oxygen and bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining the progress zone and influencing limb bud growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organisms that have three germ layers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protostomes develop a mouth from the blastopore, while deuterostomes develop an anus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contributing to the formation of various structures including parts of the nervous system and facial features (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plays a significant role in the formation of the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that ontogeny (individual development) recapitulates phylogeny (evolutionary history) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enterocoely (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zone of Ossification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral bone development involves cartilage, while intramembranous bone development does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synovial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Knee joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perichondral (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To lubricate the joint and reduce friction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for the growth and repair of bone tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is present in all bones from birth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To secrete a mineralized matrix. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for the growth of the marrow cavity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastic cartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing nutrients and support to cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrocartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing new bone tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cartilage is less vascularized than bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides strength and protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endochondral ossification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epiphyseal plate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are responsible for bone resorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence or absence of a cartilage precursor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium phosphate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing friction between bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perichondrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medullary cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Placodermi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Denticles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holoblastic cleavage is complete, while meroblastic cleavage is incomplete. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lungfish (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of a backbone in mammals and reptiles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discoidal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Denticles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sarcopterygii (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Found in reptiles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homology is due to shared ancestry, while analogy is due to convergent evolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neoceratodus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blastula (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Placodermi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morula (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holoblastic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of similar calls in two species of frogs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tetrapods evolved from a specific lineage within Sarcopterygii. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of limbs with strong girdles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ichthyostega (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amphibia, because it does not include all descendants of its common ancestor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holoblastic Cleavage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide nutrients for the embryo. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrula (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a transitional fossil that exhibits both reptilian and avian features. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributes to the formation of the placenta. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Therian Mammals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fluid-filled cavity within the blastula separating the inner cell mass from the trophoblast. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong zygapophyses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discoidal Cleavage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create a waterproof barrier for the embryo. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holoblastic cleavage is complete and divides the entire egg, while meroblastic cleavage is incomplete and only divides a portion of the egg. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mesolecithal Eggs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining the anterior-posterior axis of the limb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in the timing of developmental events (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The limb will be truncated, or shortened. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sonic Hedgehog (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peramorphosis is the exaggeration of adult traits, while Paedomorphosis is the retention of juvenile traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to the formation of a mirror-image duplication of limb structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progenesis refers to early offset of growth, while Neoteny refers to slow growth rate of certain body parts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A salamander that retains gills into adulthood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The growth of different body parts at different rates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is involved in the pattern of digits formation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allometry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paedocypris progenetica, a small fish with extreme paedomorphic traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skate fins are primarily used for movement in water while tetrapod limbs are primarily used for movement on land. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provided evidence for the evolutionary connection between fish fins and tetrapod limbs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ZPA influences the length of the limb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The evolutionary history and relationships among organisms, often shown in a tree diagram.

Similarity in structure or function due to shared ancestry.

A trait that appears similar in different species without shared ancestry.

When unrelated organisms evolve similar traits, like wings in birds and bats.

A group consisting of all descendants from a common ancestor.

A group with some, but not all, descendants from a common ancestor.

Fossilization where minerals fill cellular spaces of an organism.

Preservation of an organism in dry conditions, preventing decay.

Derived characteristics that distinguish a group.

Shared derived characteristics among a group.

Primitive characteristics inherited from ancestors.

Similar traits due to convergent evolution, not ancestry.

Complete division of the egg into smaller cells.

Only part of the zygote becomes the embryo.

A solid ball of cells formed after cleavage.

A hollow structure formed from the morula.

Mammals that give birth to live young.

Class of lobe-finned fishes, ancestors of tetrapods.

Class of cartilaginous fish including sharks and rays.

Class of ray-finned fishes, include most modern fish.

Meroblastic cleavage forming a disc shape.

Small tooth-like structures on Chondrichthyes scales.

A vertebrate with four limbs, evolved from lobe-finned fish.

An egg with a protective membrane for terrestrial reproduction.

A fossil fish that shows the transition to land.

An early tetrapod with weak sacrum, aquatic traits.

A more derived tetrapod, lacks gills as an adult.

Class including modern amphibians and their close relatives.

Clade that includes all modern amphibians.

The process of early embryonic cell division.

Innermost germ layer forming the gut lining and organs.

An early embryonic stage with three germ layers formed.

A signaling molecule crucial for limb patterning and digit formation.

A structure that regulates limb growth; its removal leads to truncation.

A region that influences the anterior-posterior axis and digit formation.

Changes in the timing of developmental events causing morphological variations.

A type of heterochrony where adult forms exhibit exaggerated traits.

Retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult form of an organism.

Experiments where the AER is removed, leading to significant limb changes.

Inducing an ectopic ZPA can lead to mirror-image duplication of limbs.

The differential growth of body parts, with some structures growing at different rates.

Growth where all parts of the organism grow at the same rate.

A form of paedomorphosis where some parts grow slower than in ancestors.

A type of paedomorphosis where growth halts early, resembling a juvenile.

A growth pattern where the onset of growth occurs later than in ancestors.

A form of peramorphosis where development continues past adulthood with new traits.

An experiment applying retinoic acid to study similarities between skate fins and tetrapod limbs.

A firm, flexible connective tissue found in joints, ear, nose, and rib cage.

Cells found in cartilage that produce and maintain its matrix.

Dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage, providing nutrients and support.

Elastic, Hyaline, and Fibrocartilage, differing in flexibility and location.

The fundamental unit of compact bone, containing a central canal surrounded by rings.

Contains blood vessels and nerves in compact bone.

A cell that produces new bone, involved in osteogenesis.

A cell that removes existing bone, causing bone resorption.

The dense outer layer of bone that protects the inner cavity.

Also known as trabecular bone; porous structure found inside bones.

Bone develops from a cartilage model, typical in long bones.

Hyaline cartilage layer that allows for lengthwise growth of long bones.

The resting zone where cartilage cells are not actively dividing.

Reinforced with collagen fibers; provides tensile strength and absorbs shock.

The area in the growth plate where cartilage cells rapidly divide to form new cells.

A growth plate zone where chondrocytes enlarge and get ready for ossification.

The area where new bone is formed as chondrocytes undergo apoptosis and are replaced by osteoblasts.

Forms at the epiphyses of long bones, allowing for continued growth after primary ossification.

The process where bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage, involving several growth zones.

A process where bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue without a cartilage stage.

A joint that allows for free movement, characterized by a synovial capsule with fluid.

A functional joint class that allows slight movement, like the pubic symphysis.

The process where bones fuse together, often seen in the occipital area of the skull.

A dense layer of vascular connective tissue that covers bones except at joints.

The process where the neural plate folds to form the neural tube.

The phase where the blastula reorganizes into a three-layered structure.

The process where cells specialize to form tissues and organs.

Cells from the ectoderm that contribute to nervous system and facial structures.

Blocks of mesoderm that become vertebrae and muscle.

Fluid-filled cavity in mesoderm for organ development.

Organisms with three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

Organisms with two germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm.

Opening that becomes the anus in deuterostomes.

Organisms where the blastopore develops into the mouth.

Most common solid tumor in children from sympathetic nerve cells.

Theory that individual development reflects evolutionary history.

Gene critical for limb patterning and digit formation.

Genes that determine body plan and limb development.