Biology Chapter on Energy and Nutrients

The capability to do work (transfers between two things).

Energy from the sun (source of energy for all life).

Energy found in bonds of chemical compounds.

<p>To perform all the basic functions needed for life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type of nucleic acid used as the energy currency for cells. Allows energy releasing reactions to be coupled with energy requiring reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A molecule containing carbon and hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutrients that contain carbon atoms in their chemical structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long molecules made by bonding a series of building blocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monomers joined together to form polymers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymers broken down into monomers (water is used to break down compounds).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of nutrient found in foods that provide energy to the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A polysaccharide used for short-term energy storage in animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Used for long-term energy storage, hydrophobic, include triglycerides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fats and oils, composed of a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbons are bound to two carbons and two hydrogens, are hydrophobic, and form long straight chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Composed of amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consist of a central carbon linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Link amino acids together to form polypeptides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary energy nutrients in food are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, with the key difference being that fats provide significantly more energy per gram compared to carbohydrates and proteins, making them the most energy-dense nutrient; carbohydrates are the body's preferred source of quick energy, while protein is primarily used for the building and repairing tissues, only being utilized for energy when other sources are depleted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of breaking down food into substances the body can use for energy, tissue growth, and repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Processes that increase the surface area of foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breaks up food by mechanical and chemical digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transports food to the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Major organ of digestion and absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lubricates food and provides enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produces digestive enzymes for the small intestine, regulates blood sugar levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stores bile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breaks down incoming nutrients to be transported to body cells and supplies water to cells allows for the removal of undigested waste material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Region of enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature and pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By acting as biological catalysts, speed up reactions by helping to lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are broken down into small absorbable units, principally in the small intestine. Carbohydrase breaks down carbs into sugar. Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids. Protease breaks down protein into amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of nucleus and organelles, including bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use oxygen from the air and glucose from food to produce ATP energy, releasing CO2 as a byproduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contains two layers of phospholipids, called a phospholipid bilayer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Major components of the plasma membrane, the outermost layer of animal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

the capability to do work (transfers between two things).

energy from the sun (source of energy for all life).

energy found in bonds of chemical compounds.

energy of motion (kinetic energy).

type of nucleic acid used as the energy currency for cells.

large molecules built from smaller subunits called monomers.

polymers broken down into monomers (water is used to break down compounds).

a type of nutrient found in foods that provide energy to the body.

simple sugar that is a key energy source for living organisms.

used for long-term energy storage, hydrophobic, include triglycerides.

composed of amino acids.

metabolic catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.

energy is not required; moves with the concentration gradient.

requires ATP; moves against concentration gradient.

uses oxygen and glucose to produce ATP, releasing CO2 as a byproduct.

contains the genetic information of the cell.

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development of an organism.

the process a cell goes through each time it divides.

process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

the process in which the cytoplasm divides to form two new cells.

any change in the DNA sequence of a cell.

genes that slow down cell division or tell cells to die at the right time.

genes that normally help cells grow and divide.

a disease caused by uncontrolled cell division.

nutrients needed in small amounts for function and health.

first step in cellular respiration, converts glucose to pyruvate.

a series of reactions in mitochondria to produce energy.

a series of proteins that pass electrons to produce ATP.

cell engulfs larger solid particles.

endocytosis using receptor proteins to capture target molecules.