ATP-ADP Cycle and Energy Transition

Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy currency of cells.

The continuous process of ATP losing a phosphate group to release energy, then being recharged back into ATP.

How the body uses different energy sources depending on the duration and intensity of activity.

Energy process that doesn't require oxygen for glucose breakdown, providing energy during high-intensity activities.

Energy production that relies on oxygen to break down glucose, used for low intensity activities.

A reaction where energy released from one process drives another.

A reaction that releases energy.

A reaction that requires energy to proceed.

Organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis. They contain pigments like chlorophyll, which capture sunlight energy.

The outermost layer of the chloroplast, freely permeable to small molecules.

The inner layer of the chloroplast, selectively permeable and containing transporters.

The fluid-filled space within the chloroplast, containing enzymes, starch granules, chloroplast DNA, and ribosomes.

Flattened, membrane-bound sacs within the chloroplast where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur.

Stacks of thylakoids, increasing the surface area for light absorption.

Connections between grana, enabling the flow of energy and molecules.

A green pigment found in plants, absorbing light energy in the blue and red parts of the spectrum.

Pigments that give colors to flowers, leaves, and fruits, playing a role in plant growth.

Pigments that give yellow, orange, and red colors to plants, playing a role in photosynthesis.

Single-celled organisms with two flagella, often responsible for red tides and bioluminescence.

Multicellular algae that are typically brown or olive green due to the presence of fucoxanthin pigment.

Single-celled algae with a unique glass-like cell wall called a frustule.

Multicellular algae that contain phycoerythrin pigment, giving them a red or reddish-purple color.

A type of chlorophyll found in certain bacteria, absorbing light energy for photosynthesis.

Unicellular algae with golden-brown color due to the presence of fucoxanthin pigment.

Water-soluble pigments found in plants, responsible for red, purple, yellow, and orange colors.